The Twelfth-Century Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Twelfth-Century Renaissance - Essay Example According to Sreedharan, Henry Plantagenet is claimed to promote Arthurian romance, which formed the fundamentals of the English imperialism. It involved having access to written material of the Roman policy such as the Tacitus histories. Celtic romance stories had a significant influence too which depicted the revival of classical learning. A group that had learned and studied the classical literature with time transformed the society from the twelfth century way of life where survival seemed to involve less thoughtful and bloody fights. Latin classics were never wholly lost and were masked during the Iron Age and their emergence in the twelfth century brought in the renaissance. Innovation and inspiration in this time are the revivals that were enhanced by chivalric literature, which was also inspired by Arthurian legends. These developments in conventions of vernacular poetry resulted to key textual sources that notable poets of the time were influential then and still to the hist orians of the modern world. During this time, philosophy and science were not separable with certainty and so science and knowledge happened to fall under philosophy as a branch. Similar methods were used between them as philosophical issues, and arguments were reached and proved by means of scientific reasoning. This led to the encouragement of the educated class not just to memorize and pass the knowledge to others but also to keep widening the range of knowledge.7 The presence of incomplete philosophies allowed for disagreement and contradictions that the integration of these pieces with twelfth century level of understanding tolerated the expansion of original philosophies.8 During this time, Gothic architecture whose thought intention was shortening the distance between heaven and earth, and university were born in Paris.9 These resulted from the need to manage the knowledge in a systematic manner. There were also crusades that promoted trade and new ideas, therefore, making towns attract those seeking opp ortunities from the learned society.10 Beginning from early eleventh century, â€Å"the towns in Europe, so long stagnant or semi-deserted, began a strong revival.†11 The urban complexities demanded the revival of literacy and every form of learning that was possible and so there was the emergence of Cathedral schools and universities to accommodate the learning masses.12 During this time, Rome’s influence was not restricted to only literature and language but also their law survived beyond the Roman population. Their law was revitalized and expanded to the population of Northern Europe and later through colonization to other parts of the world. The law stimulated neglected texts as well as jurisprudence. In the early twelfth century, Roman law revival is linked with Bologna to whom it resulted to Bologna’s law school foundation and legal science renewal. Rome, Ravenna and Pavia were legal study centers before Bologna.13 The need to support Christianity during t he twelfth century resulted from the Ottoman’s Empire threats as well as the desire to create self awareness and reforms. â€Å"In the tenth century, Otto, the Great, secured stability again, and in the eleventh, the leaven of new thinking and distinct emergence of historical consciousness could be detected.†14 Hamilton Louis and Riccioni Stefano argued that,

Alcohol and Teens Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and Teens Essay Amber Valley Primary School was closed 6 months ago by Amber Borough Council (ABC), the local education authority, which owns all the land and buildings. The school has been standing empty while ABC attempts to find a buyer for the site. Although ABC placed fencing around the site, local residents reported that youths had broken into the site on a number of occasions. Last week a group of youths from a nearby young offenders institution, operated by Chigley Services Ltd (CS) under contract to the Home Office, broke into the disused school and set fire to it. The youths had been clearing rubbish from a neighbouring stream and were supposed to have been under the supervision of Justin and Jason, both of whom are CS employees. However, Justin and Jason had gone for a cigarette break and left the youths unsupervised at the time the break-in occurred. The fire caused damage to neighbouring property including a bakers shop owned by Mark. It is likely to be many weeks before the business can reopen and Mark stands to lose many thousands of pounds in lost profits. It later transpired that the fire would not have had time to spread to neighbouring property had the Fire Brigade acted more swiftly. The Amber Valley Fire engine was unavailable at the time and another engine had to be dispatched from Leicester. The crew got lost on the way because they put the wrong address in the sat-nav (satellite navigation) device. Advise Mark in respect of any claims he may have (if any). In this question, we are asked to advise Mark as to the possible claims he might have. On the facts, the defendants are Justin and Jason, Chigley Services and the Fire Brigade. Several issues must be taken into consideration, we must determine on the facts whether there can be any possible claims on the economic loss that Mark has suffered due to the fire. Also, we must decide whether the fire brigade’s omission and Justin and Jason’s act would amount to negligence. Besides, whether Chigley Services would be vicariously liable will be discussed below. On the facts, Justin and Jason who were supposed to be supervising the youths had gone for a cigarette break which ended up in the break-in of the school which later caused a fire to Mark’s shop. Based on this, Mark can try to sue Justin and Jason for negligence in tort. The test of negligence was formulated by Lord Atkin in the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson1. For a successful claim of negligence to be established, four elements have to be proven. The four elements are duty of care, breach of duty of care, causation and remoteness. Thus, the first thing the courts need to do is to prove negligence in establishing a duty of care. As the law evolves, the current test for duty of care is now in the case of Caparo v Dickman2. The Caparo test is a threefold test which requires three elements to be satisfied. The first requirement is that at the time of the negligent act, it must be reasonably foreseeable that damage or injury would be caused to the particular defendant in the case, or to a class of people to which he or she belongs, rather than just people in general. 3 Thus, foresight is always a critical factor and it will be objectively assessed. A good example of this can be seen in the case of Palsgraf v Long Island 1 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 2 Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 3 C Elliott F Quinn, Tort Law (8th edn Pearson, Gosport 2011) 22 Railroad4 where it was held that it could not reasonably be foreseen that pushing a passenger would cause harm to someone standing a few feet away thus there is no duty of care. However, in the case of Bhamra v Dubb5, the Court of Appeal (COA) held that a duty of care is owed because a reasonable man would have foreseen that his act is likely to result in harm. Similarly, in our question, Justin and Jason who were in charge of supervising the youths did not carry out their duty properly. Moreover, the fact that the youths here are from an offenders institution further strengthens the likelihood of them carrying out offences while unsupervised. Thus, it is highly likely that a reasonable man would have foreseen damage or injury could have occurred following his acts. The second requirement is that there must be a legal proximity, meaning that there must be in law a relationship between the claimant and defendant. However, we must be clear that the defendant does not necessarily have to know the claimant, this is explained in the case of Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities6 by Goff LJ. He pointed out that it is the situation they were both put which determines whether the defendant could reasonably be expected to have foreseen that damage to the claimant could result from his or her actions. In the case of Watson v British Boxing Board of Control7, there was held to be 4 Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad 162 NE 99 5 Bhamra v Dubb [2010] EWCA Civ 13 6 Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities Ltd [1986] QB 507 7 Watson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001] QB 1134 sufficient proximity to give rise to a duty of care because the Board was the only body in the UK which could license professional boxing matches and thus giving them full control and responsibility for a situation that is highly likely to result in harm if reasonable care was not exercised. Lord Atkin quoted Lord Esher in Le Lievre v Gould8, ‘If one man is near to another, or near to the property of another, a duty lies on him not to do that which may cause a personal injury to the other, or may injure his property’. 9 As per the facts on our question, in that situation it is highly likely that it could reasonably be expected the youths might break into or cause damage to any of the property nearby, without the need of identifying the owner of the property. Moreover, Justin and Jason had complete control and responsibility of the youths’ performance. From here, it is very possible that the courts would be able to establish proximity between Justin and Jason with Mark. The third requirement is that it must be just and reasonable to impose a duty on the defendant. This requirement often overlaps with the first and second requirement. For example, arguments relating to proximity could also be seen as arguments relating to justice and reasonableness. However, when the third requirement is specifically referred to, it normally means the foreseeability and proximity requirement are met but the claim could be denied based on public 8 Le Lievre v Gould [1893] 1 QB 491 9 From a speech made by Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson at 508 in producing the concept of neighborhood. policy grounds. In the case of McFarlene v Tayside Health Board10, a duty of care was denied on the grounds that it was not just and reasonable to give compensation for birth of a healthy child. It is also established in Jain v Strategic Health Authority11 that it is not fair and reasonable to impose a duty when it conflicts with another duty owed to another party. As per the facts, it is fair and reasonable because Justin and Jason were hired to supervise the youths but they didn’t carry out their duty, thus resulting in damage to Mark’s bakery. It doesn’t make sense for there to be public policy reasons for denying a claim of duty of care on Justin and Jason. Thus, if the three elements of the Caparo test could be satisfied, a duty of care towards Mark can be established. Assuming that a duty of care is established, we then need to prove breach in order to establish negligence. Breach of a duty arises when the defendant’s conduct has fallen below the reasonable standard expected of a reasonable man in that particular situation. The ‘reasonable man’ test is seen in the case of Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks. 12 This essentially means that it would not be relevant even if the defendant thinks that his conduct is fine. In our question, it must be shown that the standard of Justin and Jason’s conduct was unreasonable owing to the failure in supervising the youths. Here, two 10 McFarlene v Tayside Health Board [1999] 4 All ER 961. 11 Jain v Strategic Health Authority [2009] 2 WLR 248 12 Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks [1856] 11 Exch 781 questions must be asked, namely, what is the required standard and whether the conduct has fallen short of the standard. In terms of the first question, the legal standard is to take such care as would be taken by a reasonable man in that circumstances. This is explained in the case of Paris v Stepney Borough Council13 and is determined objectively. For the second question, Mark should be advised that the standard needed becomes whether Justin and Jason acted with the level of skill and competency that is expected from someone in their position. According to common sense, the main purpose that Chigley Services hired Justin and Jason is to ensure that they supervise the youths and prevent them from doing damage or harm to others. On the facts, the break-in of the school occurred because Justin and Jason had gone for a cigarette break when they were supposed to be supervising. Since they defeated the main purpose of their recruitment, it is unlikely that they have acted according to a reasonable standard. If breach can be found, we need to establish causation next. This means that Justin and Jason’s breach must have caused damage to Mark’s baker shop. The first issue we have to deal with is whether the damage would have resulted but for the breach of the duty, this is known as the factual causation or ‘but for’ test. A clear example can be seen in the case Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee14, it was held that the defendants did owe a 13 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 14 Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968] 1 All ER 1068 duty of care and had breached it, but causation could not be established because the claimant would still have died even though the duty of care was not breached. To establish factual causation, we must be satisfied that damage would not have occurred but for Justin and Jason’s breach of duty. On the facts, it is clear that Mark’s baker shop would not have caught fire if Justin and Jason had been supervising the youths and preventing them from setting the fire. However, this will be determined on the balance of probabilities. There is still a very small possibility that even if Jason and Justin had been supervising the youth all the time, the youths might still act beyond their control. Nevertheless, this is quite unlikely thus it is highly likely that the but for test can be satisfied. Regarding the last requirement of negligence, even though Justin and Jason were the factual cause of damage to Mark’s baker shop, they must also be the legal cause. It means that the damage must be a type that could reasonably be foreseen and not too remote. This is explained in the case of Wagon Mound No. 115 where a test of remoteness was applied. This test requires that the damage is foreseeable and if so, the defendant would be liable to the full extent of the damage even though that extent might not be foreseeable. On the facts, it is arguably foreseeable that any damage could arise if the youths were left unsupervised. The damage to Mark’s baker shop is 15 Wagon Mound No. 1 [1961] AC 388 also unlikely to be remote. Therefore, it appears that Mark has a valid claim of negligence against Justin and Jason. However, Mark should also be advised that he has an alternative of pursuing his claim against the Home Office and Chigley Services under the doctrine of vicarious liability. This would be more desirable because there is better guarantee of compensation if won. This doctrine renders employers legally liable for the acts of their employees. This is justified because employers normally have better insurance and also benefits from their employees’ action, it is acceptable for them to run the risk of taking responsibility for actions of their employees. However, as per the facts, Chigley Services was under a contract to the Home Office. Applying the principle stated by Lord Widgery in the case of Salsbury v Woodland16, Chigley Services had been employed by the Home Office as independent contractor that does work on its behalf, therefore the Home Office will not be liable for any tort committed by the contractor in the course of employment. Whereas, Chigley Services and Justin and Jason had a contract of services which renders themselves vicariously liable for their acts. Therefore, a claim against Chigley Services would be more likely to succeed than a claim against the Home Office. In order to establish vicarious liability, the person who committed the tort must be an employee of the defendant. 17 As per the facts, it is 16 Salsbury v Woodland [1970] 1 KB 191 17 Available at http://www. lawteacher. net/free-law-essays/vicariousliability. php accessed 17 January 2014 clear that Justin and Jason are employees, so the first hurdle is cleared. The issue here is whether the tort is committed in the course of employment. In the case of Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Road Transport18, Lord Wright held that the negligent act was done for the employee’s own purposes but that doesn’t prevent the employer from being vicariously liable because it was nevertheless part of his job, even though not done in the way the employer had wanted. 19 Applying this on our facts, Justin and Jason were performing their job by supervising the youths, but they went for a cigarette break on their own convenience. According to case law, this is nevertheless to be considered to be done in the course of employment even though not in the way intended by the employer. Another case which bears a similar facts of failing to supervise is the case of Dorset Yatch Company Ltd v Home Office20. The Home Office in this case was liable and therefore responsible for the damage caused. Therefore, it is highly likely that Chigley Services would be vicariously liable for the tort on the same grounds, Mark can choose to sue them directly. Furthermore, there’s a possibility that Chigley Services might argue that their employees were acting on the ‘frolic of his own’ and thus not within the course of employment. However, this is probably harder to be proved although it would eventually be decided by the court. Lastly, because vicarious 18 Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Road Transport [1942] 1 All ER 491 19 Hepple and Matthews’, Tort Cases and Materials (6th edn OUP, New York 2009) 1079 20 Dorset Yatch Company Ltd v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 liability is a form of joint liability, Mark can also try sueing Justin and Jason at the meantime even though in practice usually only the employer is sued. Besides, the Home Office might want to use the fire brigade as defence, by trying to argue negligence on the part of the fire brigade. On the facts, the fire would not have had time to spread to neighbouring property had the fire brigade acted more swiftly. The issue to be discussed here is whether negligence can be established on the fire brigade. Thus, the first step in establishing negligence is to determine the existence of a duty of care. However, the issue here is that there has been no positive acts on the part of the fire brigade. In the case of Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd21, Lord Goff held that the general rule in negligence is that a duty to act will not be imposed in relation to a failure to act. 22 However, there are a number of exceptions in which the judge held that there is a positive obligation to act and could give rise to breach of duty if not acted upon. In our question, the fire services is involved. There have been a number of case laws regarding this aspect, we need to look into it in deciding whether a duty of care is owed. Mark might want to argue that by answering the call, the fire brigades have assumed responsibility and thus have a duty of care. However, the court is likely to reject this idea on the grounds that Mark 21 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 22 S Deakin, A Johnston B Markesinis, Markesinis And Deakin’s Tort Law (7th edn OUP, Hampshire 2013) 178 could have at least taken some precautions to prevent the fire from spreading while the fire brigade was on its way. Moreover, in the case of Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council23, Stuart-Smith LJ held that the fire brigade is not under a common law duty to answer calls for help and is not under a duty to take care to do so either. Furthermore, the common law has never really accepted the existence of a common law duty to go, proactively, to the assistance of needy members of the general public. 24 In the case of Kent v Griffiths25, a distinction between public services, namely the ambulance and fire brigades, was drawn. It was argued that the ambulance service generally owes a duty of care, unlike fire brigades that generally do not owe a duty of care. This is on the basis that for ambulance service normally the number of casualties and extent of injury is known or predictable, and thus a duty of care should be upheld. In the case of firefighting, it is agreed that fire spread very fast and the number of people and property that might get affected is uncertain and unpredictable, thus imposing a duty of care on fire brigades is unfair and would lead to a floodgate of litigation. 26 Nevertheless, In the case of Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council which was mentioned above, a duty of care was found, but it could be 23 Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council [1997] QB 1004 24 M Vranken, ‘Duty to Rescue in Civil Law and Common Law’ (1998) 47 Intl Comp. L. Q. 934-942 25 Kent v Griffiths, Roberts and London Ambulance Service [2000] 2 WLR 1158 26 Available at http://www. johnhardcastle. co. uk/2013/09/02/the-duty-of-care-owed-by-a-fire-service accessed 18 January 2014 distinguished with the other cases. It was held that a duty of care could be imposed in certain circumstances, for instance when additional danger was created by the negligence of the fire brigades. 27 As per our facts, the fire brigades were late because not enough vehicles could be dispatched at that time and the vehicle from Leicester lost its way hence causing the delay in arrival. As opposed to Kent v Griffiths, here there’s a good reason why the fire brigade was late. Besides, there is no evidence of the fire brigades causing additional danger. Lastly, there are policy reasons28 why a duty of care should not be owed in general, this was shown in the case of John Munroe v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority29. It was argued that imposing a duty of care on fire brigade will not improve its efficiency but instead it may lead to defensive firefighting. In the case of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Defence Authority30, it was held that imposing a burden of emergency services will only distract it from the proper task of fighting fire. Above all these, one should also look at the ‘value of the activity’, when it involves cases of fire services. This was found in the case of Watt v Herdford 27 Available at http://www. independent. co. uk/news/people/law-report-no-duty-owed-to-owner-by-atte nding-and-fighting-fire-1266268. html accessed 18 January 2014 28 Available at http://sixthformlaw. info/01_modules/other_material/tort/1_duty/5_duty_fair_just. htm accessed 18 January 2014 29 John Munroe Ltd v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority [1997] QB 983 30 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Defence Authority [1997] 2 All ER 865 County Council31 which argues that duty should not be imposed because of public benefit that is involved in the activity. Moreover, it can be argued that there is no sufficient proximity between Mark and the fire brigade because firstly the fire brigade is not a local one and secondly, in contrast with the case of Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council, the fire brigade were not negligent in making the situation worse. Hence, applying all these on our question, it is highly likely that a duty of care could not be found. Since a duty of care could not be found, there won’t be a breach of duty. Accordingly, the third and fourth element of negligence could not be established, meaning that it is impossible for negligence to be established on the part of the fire brigades. Now the last issue is whether Mark can have any redress on the economic loss which was incurred through the negligent act of Justin and Jason. With regards to economic losses, it is a matter of policy. The position is clearly represented in the case of Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin Co32. It was decided that only physical damage to property and economic loss arising from damage to property can be recovered. Pure economic loss cannot be recovered in tort. Applying this on our case, the losses that Mark might want to recover are probably losses he is expected to suffer before his baker shop gets back into business. 31 Watt v Herdford County Council [1954] 1 WLR 835 32 Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin Co [1973] 1 QB 27 This is considered as pure economic loss as it is losses that does not directly result from personal injury or damage to property. However, as confirmed in the case of Londonwaste v AMEC Civil Engineering33, pure economic loss is not recoverable. Pure economic loss is speculative and thus tort does not protect speculative interest. There are two reasons why the law of negligence is reluctant to allow claims for pure economic loss. Firstly, this would open the floodgate to litigations. Moreover, the possible economic loss may be astronomical and incalculable. Secondly, contract was the means by which economic loss is to be compensated and the courts are unwilling to interfere with this. Nevertheless, Mark should be advised that he might also try recovering losses arising from the damaged bread and the profit for the damaged bread. This is probably recoverable as the damage is the kind that is foreseeable. Thus, it is highly likely that Mark will be able to recover his losses except for pure economic loss. In conclusion, it is highly possible that negligence can be established on the part of Justin and Jason. However, because of the doctrine of vicarious liability, Mark is also able to sue Chigley Services which is vicariously liable. In practice, normally only the employer is sued but it is still possible for Mark to pursue his claims from both. As for the fire brigade, it is unlikely that a duty of care is owed, thus negligence will not be established. Lastly, although pure economic loss 33 Londonwaste v AMEC Civil Engineering [1997] 83 BLR 136 is not recoverable, he can still bring a claim against Justin and Jason and Chigley Services for other economic losses he suffered. Bibliography Books Elliott C Quinn F, Tort Law (8th edn Pearson, Gosport 2011) Deakin S, Johnston A Markesinis B, Markesinis And Deakin’s Tort Law (7th edn OUP, Hampshire 2013) Hepple and Matthews’, Tort Cases and Materials (6th edn OUP, New York 2009) Articles Vranken M, ‘Duty to Rescue in Civil Law and Common Law’ (1998) 47 Intl Comp. L. Q. 934-942 Electronic Sources Hardcastle J, ‘The Duty of Care Owed by a Fire Service’ http://www. johnhardcastle. co. uk/2013/09/02/the-duty-of-care-owed-by- a-fire-service accessed 18 January 2014 O’Hanlon K, ‘No Duty Owed to Owner by Attending and Fighting Fire’ http://www. independent. co. uk/news/people/law-report-no-duty-owed-to -owner-by-attending-and-fighting-fire-1266268. html accessed 18 January 2014 Mike Souper, ‘Fair Just Reasonable or Policy Considerations’. http://sixthformlaw. info/01_modules/other_material/tort/1_duty/5_duty_ fair_just. htm accessed 18 January 2014 Law Teacher, ‘Vicarious Liability’ http://www. lawteacher. net/free-law-essays/vicariousliability. php accessed 17 January 2014 Table of Cases United Kingdom Cases Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968] 1 All ER 1068 Bhamra v Dubb [2010] EWCA Civ 13. Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks [1856] 11 Exch 781 Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council [1997] QB 1004 Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Road Transport [1942] 1 All ER 491 Dorset Yatch Company Ltd v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Jain v Strategic Health Authority [2009] 2 WLR 248 John Munroe Ltd v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority [1997] QB 983 Kent v Griffiths, Roberts and London Ambulance Service [2000] 2 WLR 1158 Le Lievre v Gould [1893] 1 QB 491 Londonwaste v AMEC Civil Engineering [1997] 83 BLR 136 Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities Ltd [1986] QB 507 McFarlene v Tayside Health Board [1999] 4 All ER 961 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad 162 NE 99 Salsbury v Woodland [1970] 1 KB 191 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin Co [1973] 1 QB 27 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Defence Authority [1997] 2 All ER 865 Wagon Mound No. 1 [1961] AC 388 Watson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001] QB 1134 Watt v Herdford County Council [1954] 1 WLR 835.

Why Did Adolf Hitler Become A Hate Filled Dictator? :: essays research papers fc

Why Did Adolf Hitler Become A Hate Filled Dictator?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adolf Hitler; throughout the entire world this name is synonymous with World War II and the Holocaust. Hitler was the notorious anti-semetic Chancellor of Germany who initiated World War II. Many different events in Hitler’s life led to his eventual hatred for specific cultures, i.e. Jewish and Marxist groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On April 20, 1889 Adolf Hitler, was born to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl Hitler and baptized a Roman Catholic (History Place). As a young boy in Austria he was spoiled by his mother, who feared that she might lose another child; however from his father he received verbal and physical abuse because he expected total discipline. When Hitler attended school at a monastery he admired the way the Abbot controlled his monks with supreme authority. Hitler’s father and the Abbot both expected to have total control of their domains, because of this Hitler’s thought of control could have already been forming in his young mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Around 1896 the family moved for the second time, to a small house, near a cemetery, which in the next few years would become home to Hitler’s younger brother, Edmund, and his father, Alois. Both of these deaths would send Hitler into the first of a long line of depressions. At the age of 13 Hitler became the head of his household and received his first taste of power and money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Education, Hitler found somewhat easy and received good marks at the beginning, however things would eventually change. Hitler found out that he had a good ability to remember buildings and draw realistic renderings of them from memory which will come into play later on in his life. After Hitler became bored with school he started making trouble and eventually dropped out at the age of 16 which began his years of dilettante, aimless existence, reading, painting, and wandering around (Biography).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Hitler’s mother died leaving him as an orphan, Hitler left for Vienna to attend the Academy of Fine Arts. However he failed the entrance exam twice and again began to wander aimlessly as a homeless orphan,his only income being small paintings of local landmarks, namely buildings, which he sold. This is when Hitler discovered anti-semetism and his racial views in the form of Mayor Karl Lueger and Lanz von Liebenfels, some prominent locals, that would remain as the Nazi ideology for some time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitler moved to Munich in 1913 where he joined a Bavarian regiment in the German army to fight in World War I.

Managing technological change

Managing technological change effectively in organizations, and even across entire industries, has always been a challenge for management, IT practitioners, and business development specialists. Technological change within companies and enterprises is not primarily a technology issue nor is it an area of interested limited to IT managers and specialists alone. Technological change should be a primary concern for business managers. The new generations of IT advancements can be applied to support advanced information management which in turns can enable business transformation within an organization.Managing automation-focused projects has become an outdated approach. Without a system on managing technological change effectively, the end results for organizations in applying new technologies usually result in unexpectedly high failure rates (BusinessWeek Online, 2006). A solution for business and IT managers is to make use of the Benefits Realization method. All organizations actually have a Benefits Realization process whether they are aware of it or not.For most companies, it is most likely not a formal process, and as such, the organization does not only know about it, but it also does not understand it. When an organization is not aware of the Benefits Realization in place, then it tends to be a passive process, not a managed one. What happens of course is that the process does not work very well. However, when the Benefits Realization process is designed and engineered systematically, it can actually lead to a tremendous improvement in the organization’s performance (BusinessWeek Online, 2006).In general, the Benefits Realization method provides for a new basis for using IT to deliver business results more consistently, predictably, and effectively. The approach makes use of two interconnected elements: mindsets on IT and on management methods. Taken these two fields together, Benefits Realization seeks to focus on integrating technology into an organ ization’s business system. It posits that the application of IT alone, regardless of how technically powerful, cannot deliver effective and successful business results without considering and combining IT with business methods (BusinessWeek Online, 2006).In other words, for an effective Benefits Realization process, the organization must seek to combine IT and management capabilities, and provide for a system that monitors the entire process from start to finish. F. Research Issue The ideal Benefits Realization design should start from the launch of the project, go beyond deliver, and actually measure the success and process improvement of the new design, process, software, or whatever technology was introduced to the organization.The problem is that not all companies have systems in place to really measure process improvement for Benefits Realization after completion of the project. This may happen when the organization is not aware that it has a Benefits Realization process in place to begin with, or when the organization’s Benefits Realization design simply does not have the tools to measure the end results of the process. G. Objectives of the Study The research study has the following objectives: ? To identify the reasons why the introduction of technology in benefits realization has often failed to bring about real change and benefits to the company.? To discuss how failure of most benefits realization programs are due to the lack of measurement tools in determining the benefits from its investments. ? To provide recommendations and solutions on how to establish effective benefits realization within an organization. H. Definition of Terms The following key terms, which will be used recurrently throughout the study, are defined as follows: ? Benefits realization – the discipline of ensuring that business initiatives deliver expected benefits (Aron, Tucker & Hunter, 2005).It is â€Å"an integrated set of processes, techniques, tools, d ocumentation standards and governance framework that cane be used to get the most value from technology investments† (Federal Aviation Administration, 1999, p. 1-2). ? Business benefit – a real source of value to the business, such as increased revenues, improved customer retention, lower costs, or quicker time-to-market (Aron, Tucker & Hunter, 2005). ? IT-intensive project/initiative – a business project with a significant IT component. It is increasingly common to consider all projects business projects.Projects involving significant IT activities and/or costs represent an opportunity for the Chief Operating Officer (CIO) and Information System (IS) organization to contribute strongly to benefits realization (Aron, Tucker & Hunter, 2005). I. Significance of the Study The study is significant since it will analyse the reasons why benefits realization programs fail in companies. It will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of benefits realization approaches used by companies. The recommendations that the study will provide can serve as useful tools for organization in setting up effective benefits realization programs.

Childbirth and Development Essay

1-1.2 Connections between development and learning There is a strong connection between development and learning as children need to develop certain skills in order to learn and also the motivation to learn something new can help a child develop further skills. For example, for a baby to learn to walk there needs to be a level of coordination and growth and therefore by learning to walk has improved both the child’s physical development and recognotion. Variations in the rate and sequence of development and learning All children develop at their own rates because of both genetic and environmental factors. Learning difficulties. Some children have difficulties which prevent them from learning in the same way and the causes can be medical conditions, chromosomal conditions and others are not yet understood. However, this doesnt mean that children with learning difficulties will have this problems in all areas of development. Some children will have develop some skills better than others: the ability to draw, to socialise etc. Giftedness. Some children are seen as inteligent very early. We may notice that some children tend to memorise easily and they can learn new skills very quick. This is thought to be linked with a stimulating environment and a strong „ genetic component† ( Heinemann Book). Stimulating environment and the aquisition of language. Children whom are given stimulating experiences and more opportunities are likely to develop faster. Language aquisition is strongly linked to the time children spend around adults and quality interaction. Attachment. If a child feels loevd  and safe it makes it easier to acheve their full potential. Strong relationships are the foundation for every childs development. Learning in different way. Children learn by copying from adults but also by learning from their own experiences. For todlers and babies it is actually most likely that they learn from doing rather then from being taught. The importance of play Play is an essential part of every childs development. Through play children develop skills in all ares of development. Good play helps them be happy and explore, but can also teach them about materials, social skills.† Play begins very early on in babies lives as long as they have an adult who can engage with them†. ( Heinemann book) 1-1.3 All children develop at their own rates, but some of them do because of difficultiess linked during conception, pregnancy and birth. Pre-conceptual care. Even before a baby is conceived, the quality of their parents life style can have a huge impact on their development. Future parents should think about giving up on smoking, cutting down the alcohol, taking folic acid suppliments and avoiding recreational drogs. It is also advised not to start having a family to late cause it gets harder for some women to conceive. Conception. In the moment of conception the fertilised egg will have 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 chromosomes from the mother which determine the child’s development. This mixing is actually a nature’s lottery as some medical conditions are the result of genetic combination. Pregnancy. During pregnancy the baby can be affected by the health of their mother as well as by the lifestyle. Factors that may affect the child are stress, diet and alcohol. The first 12 weeks of pregnancy are when the „foetus is most vulnerable and during this time the foetus becomes recongnisably human†.( Heinemann Book) Substance abuse. The effects of drugs can be devesting for the baby especially in the first 12 weeks but even after. All pregnant women are advised not to take any drugs unless advised to do so by a doctor. Alcohol. Alcohol can enter a babies blood streem and can have serious effects. A special condition known as Foetal Alcohol  Syndrome affect children’s cognitive development including their concentration. Infections. Some infections such as food poisoning, rubella, or sexual transmitted diseases can put the unborn at risk. Maternal health. Maternal diet. The baby needs nutrients for his/hers well-being so the diet of the mother plays an important part throughout the pregnancy. Diet is particularly important during the first 12 weeks when the lack of mineral called folic acid can cause spina bifida. Overall women dont need a special diet when they are pregnant but they need to have a balanced one. They sould also avoid eating certain foods such as unpaasteurised cheese, soft cheese and Brie, blue cheesee which can contain the bacteria listeria which can cause miscarriage, premature delivery or severe illness in a new born baby. This can also be found in some pate and smoked fish., raw or partially cooked eggs, raw and undercooked meat. Birth. Assisted birth. Most women give birth vaginally but sometimes a Caesarean section is given. A Caesarean may be planned or may have to be carried out at short notice if there are difficulties when giving birth. Birth trauma. The main danger for babies during birth is the lack of oxygen but this is relatively rare and most babies are born safely. Prematurity and multiple births. A baby’s development can be affected if they are born before the full term of pregnancy. Full term is considered to be between 38 and 42 weeks. Some babies may be premature as a result of medical intervention or mothers may go spontaaneusly into labour.survival rates for premature babies has increased as a result of technology and advances in medical understanding.the extend to which development is affected variesand is linked to how early the child is born. The last few weeks are vital for the baby as they gain weight during that period and the baby’s oragns and nervous system matures. Babies born between 35 to 38 weeks are usually mature enough to feed and breath and so long term development is not affected but babies who are born much earlier will need significant medical support in order to survive and are usually place in the incubator that is designed to keep the baby warm and safe from infection. Premature babies are at higher risk of developing hearing or sight problems and also learning  difficulties . 1-1.4 Current research The latest research into the development and learning of babies and young children centres on the brains structure and function. Now it came to light that early stimulation are vital to the child’s healthy development of the brain. Along with stimulation it also seems that sufficient sleep and a healthy diet makes a difference in allowing connection to be made. The scientific discipline that looks at the brain development is known as neuroscience. This is a relatively new area of research and has been helped by the technology of brain scans. Brain development begins well before birth. Special brain cells are called neurons and are formed between tenth and twentieth week. These cells are very important as they will eventually join together to allow the brain to fubction normally. Babies who enjoy and are stimulated and enjoy a rich environment of sensations and movement shoud develop strong and dense synapses ( „ network of connections which enable neurons to transmit electrical impulses, so passing information from one part of the brain to another† Heinemann Book) that will cope with prunning. On the other hand babies who are deprived of stimulation and language may lose out as prunning seems to take away synapses that are not used and it is now clear that these cannot be replaced later. As a result of all the research there is a strong emphasis on the early yeaars sector on creating an enabling and stimulating environament and providing good sensory opportunities for babies and toddlers.

Early Action vs. Early Decision Whats the Difference

Early Action vs. Early Decision What's the Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Would you like tofinalize yourcollege plans as soonas possible?If early notificationsounds good to you, then you might want to apply early action (EA) orearly decision (ED). Before choosing one of these admissions plans, you shouldthoroughly understand what itentails and consider all the important factors. This guide will weigh the options ofearly action vs.early decision, along with advice for choosing the best plan for you. To begin, let's review what you need to know about applying early action. What is Early Action? Early action has, like its name indicates, an early deadline. Under early action, you both apply earlier than the regular deadline and find out earlier if you've been accepted. The most common EA deadline is November 1, with November 15 as a close runner up. Most colleges send out notifications to early action candidates in mid-December, so you should have your response before the end of the calendar year. This winter notification is a whole lot sooner than regular notification, which is usually in April.You might be accepted, denied, or deferred to the regular applicant pool andconsidered again in February or March. For the most part, you can apply to as many schools as you want early action. There are a few exceptions to this rule, though. Harvard, Princeton, Stanford, and Yale, for instance, all have restrictive or single choice early action. Restrictive EA means you can only apply to that one school early. You can later apply wherever else you want regular decision. Regardless of whether your school has restrictive or non-restrictive early action, you aren't obligated to attend the school if accepted, nor do you have to respond to an offer any earlier than usual. You still have until the national response deadline of May 1 to decide where to enroll. This policy gives you the opportunity to compare admissions offers, as well as financial aid packages, from all the schools on your list before choosing one. This policy is the main difference between early action and early decision. While applying early action isn't binding, early decision is. Applying ED means that if you get accepted, you will enroll in the school. What is Early Decision? You can only apply to one school early decision. The reason for this is that early decision means you're making a binding agreement to enroll in that school if you get accepted. This contractwill be part of your application and will require a signature from your parents and school counselor, as well as from you. Typically, early decision deadlines match early action deadlines. You may apply by November 1 and hear back in mid-December. If accepted, you'll agree to enroll and send in your deposit within about a month. Like with early action, you could be accepted, denied, or deferred (in which case, you're no longer held to the binding agreement). Some schools also offer Early Decision II, which is also binding but has a later deadline. Early Decision II deadlines are usually in January, and you'll hear back in February. With both ED I and ED II, you'll be obligated to send in a deposit monthsbefore the national response date of May 1st if you get accepted to your school of choice. Early decision is a good option for students who want to make their college plans early and know exactly what school they want to attend. If you've done your research and are 100% sure about a college, then applying EDsignals your enthusiasm to the admissions committee. Most schools only offer one or the other when it comes to early action and early decision. Let's take a look at some popular schools with early admission plans and their deadlines. Popular Schools withEarly Action Some popular schools that offer early action, in addition to their regular decision deadline, include, Boston College CalTech Georgetown Harvard MIT Princeton Stanford University of Chicago University of Michigan UNC Chapel Hill University of Notre Dame University of Virginia Villanova Yale All of these schools have an EA deadline of November 1, with one exception. UNC Chapel Hill has an even earlier EA deadline of October 15. Of these schools, Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Stanford, and the University of Notre Dame have single choice early action. Again, this restrictive EA means you can only apply early to that one school. The other schools on the list don't have that restriction. Below aresome well knownschools thatoffer Early Decision deadlines. Popular Schools with Early Decision Popular schools with early decision deadlines in November include, Brown Cornell Dartmouth Duke Johns Hopkins Northwestern University of Pennsylvania All of these schools have November 1 deadlines except for Johns Hopkins with an ED deadline of November 2.As mentioned above, some schools offer both Early Decision I and Early Decision II, both binding but with different deadlines. The following schools offer both the early and later Early Decision deadline. School Deadline for ED I Deadline for ED II American University November 15 January 15 Boston University November 1 January 4 Bowdoin November 15 January 1 Brandeis November 1 January 1 Colby November 15 January 1 Pomona November 1 January 1 Smith November 15 January 1 Tufts November 1 January 1 Vanderbilt November 1 January 1 Wesleyan November 15 January 15 As you can see, the ED II deadlines resemble regular decision deadlines. Instead of having to wait until April to hear back, though, youshouldbe notified inFebruary. If you're accepted, you'll be expected to send your deposit shortly thereafter. Now that you know how early action and early decision work and which schools offer them, let's talk about the advantages of each plan. Starting fromthe colleges' perspectives, what's the point of offering early deadlines? Why Do Colleges Offer Early Action orEarly Decision? There are a few reasons that early admissions appearto benefit colleges. One is that students who apply early tend to be particularly competitive. Those students who are prepared to apply inNovember to these often selective schools are oftenthe most qualified candidates. A few years ago, Harvard and the University of Virginia eliminated early admissions, claiming that it unfairly advantaged wealthier students with more "cultural capital" and greater college counseling resources. When other schools didn't follow suit, both schools reversed their decision and reintroduced early action, saying that they found that students from all backgrounds desired an early option. Practically speaking, they probably also found that they were missing out on some of the most qualified applicants, who just ended up applying elsewhere. Another reason that schools may benefit from early admissions is that it gives them a more accurate sense of their "yield." In other words, they can more accurately predict how many students will accept offers of admission, since early candidates are more likely to enroll (and ED applicants are pretty much certain to enroll). Being able to more accurately predict their numbers may be a reason that some schools offer both Early Decision I and Early Decision II. Finally, a third reason that schools benefit from early admissions is that it allows them to space out their review of applications over a longer period of time. For schools with limited staff and resources, spacing out the process is more feasible than reviewing all applications in one hectic review season. While these are some of the reasons that schools benefit from early deadlines, what are the advantages for you as an applicant? What Are the Advantages of Applying Early? One common idea around early admissions is that early applicants have a better chance of getting in. Is this true? Are you more likely to get accepted if you apply early? Unfortunately, there's no black and white answer for this. There are some compelling reasons to think that applying early does boost your chances. For instance, data shows that a higher percentage of early candidates get accepted than regular candidates. In this past year, for instance, Harvard increased its early action acceptance rate from 6% to 17%. Applying early action, and especially early decision, may also signal to admissions committees how committed to and excited abouta school you are, thereby making an impression in your favor. However, these reasons don't mean you should automatically apply early. The fact that a greater percentage of early applicants are accepted may largely reflect their own merits. It may be that the most qualified candidates apply early, while the pool of regular applicants include those forwhomthe college is a reach. Most students don't apply early to a school if their grades and scores aren't at least on target with the school's expectations. Ultimately, applying early can be a great option if you're prepared to do so, but whatever advantage there iswon't make lowgrades or test scores look any higher than they are. It's not advisable to rush your application or to apply to a school where your academic profile is weaker than that of the average accepted student. Your first priority should be sending the strongest application you can, whether that's in November or January. If you have decided that applying early is a good match with your college plans, which of the two options should you choose, early action or early decision? Which Should You Choose? Early Action vs. Early Decision In most cases, a college will only offer one or the other. Depending on the schools you're interested in, they might essentially make the choice between early action and early decision for you. If you do have a choice, the most important factor to consider is whether or not you're 100% sure you want to attend a school. Before making the commitment of early decision, you should research and visit the school, as well as talk to students who go there about their experience. If you've reached this point of certainty, then early decision couldmake sense for you. You also may consider financial aid as you decide between early action and early decision. With early decision, you agree to enroll regardless of the financial aid package you get. With early action, you still have until May 1 to compare different financial aid packages. This is one major reason early decision isn't a feasible or accessible option for everyone. Make sure you understand your colleges' application policies and any restrictions they place on your applications to other schools. If you're applying to Harvard early action, for example, you can't apply early action anywhere else. Keep track of all your deadlines, and keep preparing for any regular applications you plan to send in case your early application doesn't get accepted. You can still be putting together strong regular decision applications should you get denied, deferred, or decide to apply elsewhere. If you're applying to meet a deadline in November, you want to work on your application materials throughout junior year and the summer. Your SAT or ACT scores, recommendation letters, and personal essay require several months to a year of planning and preparation. You can check out this guide for a more detailed timeline, as well as the full lists ofdeadlines or early action and early decision schools. More Resources for College Planning What College Should You Go To? How to Choose a College How to Request a Letter of Recommendation: Complete Guide How Long Should You Study for the SAT? 6 Step Guide How Long Should You Study for the ACT? 6 Step Guide How to Write About Extracurriculars on Your College Application Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

First Oil Well Inventor Edwin Drake

First Oil Well Inventor Edwin Drake The history of the oil business as we know it began in 1859 in Pennsylvania, thanks to Edwin L. Drake, a career railroad conductor who devised a way to drill a practical oil well. Before Drake sank his first well in Titusville, Pennsylvania, people around the world had gathered oil for centuries around seeps, places where oil naturally rose to the surface and emerged from the ground. The problem with collecting oil in that manner was that even the most productive areas didnt yield large amounts of oil. In the 1850s, new types of machinery being produced increasingly needed oil for lubrication. And the main sources for oil at the time, whaling and collecting oil from seeps, simply couldnt meet the demand. Someone had to find a way to reach into the ground and extract the oil. The success of Drakes well essentially created a new industry, and led to men such as John D. Rockefeller making vast fortunes in the oil business. Drake and the Oil Business Edwin Drake had been born in 1819 in New York State, and as a young man had worked at various jobs before finding employment in 1850 as a railroad conductor. After about seven years of working on the railroad he retired due to ill health. A chance encounter with two men who happened to be the founders of a new company, The Seneca Oil Company, led to a new career for Drake. The executives, George H. Bissell and Jonathan G. Eveleth, needed someone to travel back and forth inspecting their operations in rural Pennsylvania, where they collected oil from seeps. And Drake, who was looking for work, seemed like the ideal candidate. Thanks for his former job as a railroad conductor, Drake could ride the trains for free. Drakes Folly Once Drake began working in the oil business he became motivated to increase production at the oil seeps. At that time, the procedure was to soak up the oil with blankets. And that only worked for small-scale production. The obvious solution seemed to be to somehow dig into the ground to get to the oil. So at first Drake set about digging a mine. But that effort ended in failure as the mine shaft flooded. Drake reasoned that he could drill for oil, using a technique similar to that used by men who had drilled into the ground for salt. He experimented and discovered iron drive pipes could be forced through the shale and down to regions likely to be holding oil. The oil well Drake constructed was called Drakes Folly by some of the locals, who doubted it could ever be successful. But Drake persisted, with the help of a local blacksmith he had hired, William Uncle Billy Smith. With very slow progress, about three feet a day, the well kept going deeper. On August 27, 1859, it reached a depth of 69 feet. The next morning, when Uncle Billy arrived to resume work, he discovered that oil had risen through the well. Drakes idea had worked, and soon the Drake Well was producing a steady supply of oil. The First Oil Well Was an Instant Success Drakes well brought oil up out of the ground and it was funneled into whiskey barrels. Before long Drake had a steady supply of about 400 gallons of pure oil every 24 hours, a stunning amount when compared to the meager output that could be collected from oil seeps. Other wells were constructed. And, because Drake never patented his idea, anyone could use his methods. The original well shut down within two years as other wells in the area soon began producing oil at a faster rate. Within two years there was an oil boom in western Pennsylvania, with wells that produced thousands of barrels of oil a day. The price of oil dropped so low that Drake and his employers were essentially put out of business. But Drakes efforts showed that drilling for oil could be practical. Though Edwin Drake had pioneered oil drilling, he only drilled two more wells before leaving the oil business and living out most of the rest of his life in poverty. In recognition of Drakes efforts, the Pennsylvania legislature voted to award Drake a pension in 1870, and he lived in Pennsylvania until his death in 1880.

The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution deals with several aspects of U.S. citizenship and the rights of citizens. Ratified on July 9, 1868, during the post-Civil War era, the 14th, along with the 13th and 15th Amendments, are collectively known as the Reconstruction Amendments. Although the 14th Amendment was intended to protect the rights of the recently freed slaves, it has continued to play a major role in constitutional politics to this day.   In response to the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment, many Southern states enacted laws known as Black Codes designed to continue to deny African Americans certain rights and privileges enjoyed by white citizens. Under the states Black Codes, recently freed slaves were not allowed to travel widely, own certain types of property, or sue in court. In addition, African Americans could be jailed for not being able to repay their debts, leading to racially-discriminating labor practices like the leasing of convicts to private businesses. The 14th Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Of the three Reconstruction amendments, the 14th is the most complicated and the one that has had the more unforeseen effects. Its broad goal was to reinforce the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which ensured that all persons born in the United States were citizens and were to be given full and equal benefit of all laws. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 protected the â€Å"civil† rights of all citizens, such as the right to sue, make contracts, and buy and sell property. However, it failed to protect â€Å"political† rights, like the right to vote and hold office, or â€Å"social† rights guaranteeing equal access to schools and other public accommodations. Congress had intentionally omitted those protections in hopes of averting the bill’s veto by President Andrew Johnson (1808–1875). When the Civil Rights Act landed on President Johnsons desk, he fulfilled his promise to veto it. Congress, in turn, overrode the veto and the measure became law. Johnson, a Tennessee Democrat and staunch supporter of states’ rights, had clashed repeatedly with the Republican-controlled Congress. Fearing President Johnson and Southern politicians would attempt to undo the protections of the Civil Rights Act, Republican congressional leaders began work on what would become the 14th Amendment. Ratification and the States After clearing Congress in June of 1866, the 14th Amendment went to the states for ratification. As a condition for readmittance to the Union, the former Confederate states were required to approve the amendment. This became a point of contention between Congress and Southern leaders. The 14th Amendment.   U.S. National Archives Connecticut was the first state to ratify the 14th Amendment on June 30, 1866. During the next two years, 28 states would ratify the amendment, although not without incident. Legislatures in Ohio and New Jersey both rescinded their states pro-amendment votes. In the South, Louisiana and North and South Carolina refused initially to ratify the amendment. Nevertheless, the 14th Amendment was declared formally ratified on July 28, 1868. The 14th Amendment and the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 With its passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Congress attempted to bolster the 14th Amendment. Also known as the â€Å"Enforcement Act,† the 1875 Act guaranteed all citizens, regardless of race or color, equal access to public accommodations and transportation, and made it illegal to exempt them from serving on juries. In 1883, however, the U.S. Supreme Court, in its Civil Rights Cases decisions, overturned the public accommodation sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and declared that the 14th Amendment did not give Congress the power to dictate the affairs of private businesses.   As a result of the Civil Rights Cases, while African Americans had been declared legally â€Å"free† U.S. citizens by the 14th Amendment, they continue to face discrimination in society, economics, and politics into the 21st century. Amendment Sections The 14th Amendment contains five sections, of which the first contains the most impactful provisions.   Section One guarantees all rights and privileges of citizenship to any and all persons born or naturalized in the United States. It also guarantees all Americans their constitutional rights and prohibits the states from passing laws limiting those rights. Lastly, it ensures that no citizens right to life, liberty, or property will be denied without due process of law.    Section Two specifies that the process of apportionment used to fairly distribute seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the states must be based on the whole population, including freed African American slaves. Prior to this, African Americans had been under-counted when apportioning representation. The section also guaranteed the right to vote to all male citizens age 21 years or older. Section Three forbids anyone who participates or has participated in â€Å"insurrection or rebellion† against the United States from holding any elected or appointed federal office. The section was intended to prevent former Confederate military officers and politicians from holding federal offices. Section Four addresses the federal debt by confirming that the neither the United States nor any state could be forced to pay for lost slaves or debts that had been incurred by the Confederacy as a result of their participation in the Civil War.   Section Five, also known as the Enforcement Clause, grants Congress the power to pass â€Å"appropriate legislation† as necessary to enforce all of the amendments other clauses and provisions. Key Clauses The four clauses of the first section of the 14th Amendment are the most important because they have repeatedly been cited in major Supreme Court cases concerning civil rights, presidential politics and the right to privacy. The Citizenship Clause The Citizenship Clause overrules the 1875 Supreme Court Dred Scott decision that freed African American slaves were not citizens, could not become citizens, and thus could never enjoy the benefits and protections of citizenship. The Citizenship Clause states that â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.† This clause played an important role in two Supreme Court cases: Elk v. Wilkins (1884) which addressed citizenship rights of Native Americans, and United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) which affirmed the citizenship of U.S.-born children of legal immigrants. The Privileges and Immunities Clause The Privileges and Immunities Clause states No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.  In the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), the Supreme Court recognized a difference between a persons rights as a U.S. citizen and their rights under state law. The ruling held that state laws could not impede a persons federal rights. In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), which overturned a Chicago ban on handguns, Justice Clarence Thomas cited this clause in his opinion supporting the ruling. The Due Process Clause The Due Process Clause says no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Although this clause was intended to apply to professional contracts and transactions, over time it has become most closely cited in right-to-privacy cases. Notable Supreme Court cases that have turned on this issue include Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which overturned a Connecticut ban on the sale of contraception; Roe v. Wade (1973), which overturned a Texas ban on abortion and lifted many restrictions on the practice nationwide; and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), which held that same-sex marriages deserved federal recognition. The Equal Protection Clause The Equal Protection Clause prevents states from denying to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.  The clause has become most closely associated with civil rights cases, particularly for African Americans. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1898) the Supreme Court ruled that Southern states could enforce racial segregation as long as separate but equal facilities existed for blacks and whites. It wouldnt be until Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that the Supreme Court would revisit this opinion, ultimately ruling that separate facilities were, in fact, unconstitutional. This key ruling opened the door for a number of significant civil rights and affirmative action court cases. Bush v. Gore (2001) also touched on the equal protection clause when a majority of justices ruled that the partial recount of presidential votes in Florida was unconstitutional because it was not being conducted the same way in all contested locations. The decision essentially decided the 2000 presidential election in George W. Bushs favor. The Lasting Legacy of the 14th Amendment Over time, numerous lawsuits have arisen that have referenced the 14th Amendment. The fact that the amendment uses the word state in the Privileges and Immunities Clause- along with interpretation of the Due Process Clause- has meant state power and federal power are both subject to the Bill of Rights. Further, the courts have interpreted the word person to include corporations. As a result, corporations are also protected by due process along with being granted equal protection. While there were other clauses in the amendment, none were as significant as these. Updated by Robert Longley   Sources and Further Reading Baer, Judith A. Equality Under the Constitution: Reclaiming the Fourteenth Amendment. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1983.  Lash, Kurt T. The Fourteenth Amendment and the Privileges and Immunities of American Citizenship. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Nelson, William E. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1988

The 7-Eleven company and Indian industry based on PEST analysis Essay

The 7-Eleven company and Indian industry based on PEST analysis - Essay Example The retail industry is India’s main source of income and it is thought that it would be the future of India in the coming years because of the improvement that are being done to it. Most of the urban middle class citizens rely hugely on this industry for their income. However, food and grocery are too contributing greatly to the country’s economy and it is a big part of the retail industry in India. According to research, the food retail industry is growing at a vast rate thought to be approximately 30% and it is believed that the food retail industry would be the driving force in India’s economy. This has been brought about by the pest analysis that is duly understood and used by the retail industries in India (Byars 1999) . The success of any market industry hugely depends on the environment in which the business organization is situated. The study of the environment clearly shows the factors that would affect the demand and supply patterns of a commodity, as w ell as the cost of the commodity. This is the criteria behind pest analysis that incorporates the idea of understanding the business environment, identifying the factors that would affect the the important variables in an organization that would in turn affect the organization’s demand and supply patterns and the cost of the commodity. The small changes that occur in society affects the operation of an organization in one way or the other and moreover they create an uncertain business environment that affects the functioning of the whole organization (Cooper 2000). Therefore the development of the pest analysis was mainly as a result of the business organizations wanting to know the number of possible issues that affect the business industry and how they would take advantage of their competitors (Porter 1985). This is aimed at enabling the organization to deliver quality services and attract more customers in the industry. Pest analysis therefore groups the environmental fact ors that affect the functioning of the organization into political, social, economical and technological factors. In addition, PEST analysis examines the effect of these factors and how they interplay each other in the business. Clearly using PEST analysis enables a business organization to take advantage of market opportunities and know how to deal with the competitive threats in the business and the strategic plans of the organization. It is important for an organization to look at the environment before deciding on investing in the new area. The environment dictates the people and other factors that affect the business and thus understanding them is vital to the business success. Environmental analysis should be continuous and it is a show of how the company would plan for the future including coming up with new strategies for the business. An organization’s marketing environment is made up of an internal environment, the micro-environment and the macro-environment. Intern al environment includes the technology being used in the office, the internal customers, or how employees are paid. The micro-environment include customers from other parts outside the country, agents and distributors, suppliers of raw materials and the competitors. While the macro-environment include factors such as political and legal factors, economic forces in a given religion. The understanding of these factors and how they affected the Indian industries was a major driving force to the interest and success of the 7-Eleven company in India. PEST analysis has brought about the rapid rise of the food industry in India especially in the 7-Eleven retail giant founded in Texas where it has developed large food stores. Kottler (1998) believes that PEST analysis is a nice business tool that can be used to identify the market growth or the decline of the market and the future directions of

Management and Leadership in Higher Education Essay - 1

Management and Leadership in Higher Education - Essay Example provision of services; including nurses, receptionists, technicians, cleaners, and therapists, as well as the dentists themselves; effective managers and leaders in dental care need skills to harness the potential of these professionals.5 Some of these skills include ability to communicate within the care team, with patients, and commissioners, ability to negotiate and resolve conflicts, and knowledge of risk management and its application to clinical governance. Dentists often envision working with people who derive pleasure from assisting one another and caring for their patients but that is never to be as a large proportion of dentists report staff-related issues as the leading stressor in their practices, something that is attributable to the lack of leadership training in dentistry.6 In that respect, lack of leadership training in dentistry makes it impossible for them to lead their teams, ensure a supportive work environment, and dealing with staff issues; a dentist’s le adership approach inevitably influences the dental care communication practices. Consequently, specific leadership behaviours affect the extent to which individuals identify with one another within teams in dental practice, interdependence, and social distance between the dental-care providers; in that case, there is a dire need to incorporate effective management and leadership approaches in dental care as seen in the creation of leadership development programs.7 The first management approach that can be applied in dental care is the situational or contingency approach, which examines managerial actions as reaction to a given set of environmental variables, suggesting that certain management alternatives are most suitable for particular situations.8 Leadership actions in dental care entail... This paper approves that management, both in the dental care and in the general context of organizational management, entails solving a varied spectrum of management issues and complexities that may equally demand for a multi-dimensional tackling; there is no particular management action that can be suitably appropriate in all situations. The most appropriate action is one that fits not only the external environment, but also the internal states and needs, and the contingency or situational approach to management is the sophisticated tactic to comprehend the complexity of management today. This essay makes a conclusion that some approaches that can be applied by dentists include the empirical approach, the socio-technical systems approach, and the operational approach, together with, the mathematical approach. There is a dire need for dentists to incorporate the most effective leadership and management approaches to enhance dental care, especially because, there exists direct correlation between the quality of service provided and the latter. In that case, dental healthcare practitioners should adopt leadership and management approaches that emphasize the people side of dental care rather than simply the business part of dentistry, and overlooking the staff welfare. In this respect, dentists must continuously engage in management and leadership activities that promote not only the interpersonal interrelationships, but also positive group dynamics because these lead to high job motivation that translates to quality of dental care services.

The role of construction manager and project manager Essay

The role of construction manager and project manager - Essay Example On the other hand, a construction manager is charged with responsibilities similar to those of a project manager but there are certain distinct aspects in the role of the construction manager. Therefore, a construction manager is charged with the role of specifying project objectives and plans that include the delineation of scope. Thus, it the job of the construction manager to come up with strategies as to how the objectives of the construction work or project is to be carried out. This means that without the construction manager it is virtually impossible to run construction, as there is no distinct plan to be followed to completion of the work at hand. In addition, the manager sets the performance requirement so of the staff, as well as selects the participants of a project Project management is important, as it facilitates and ensures projects run smoothly, since it is the process charged with organizing, motivating, planning and control of resources. As such, I believe project management is the logical part of very project as it serves to hold together a project by having its objectives laid out, as without the objectives, there is no sense in having the project, where it has no goals to achieve. This implies that without project management, the whole deal of having a project is similar to having a building with no contract to have it occupied or even used. Project management is also important in that it acts as the mediatory aspect of having a project and owning it, in which case it is the job of the management to ensure that all issues involving the project reach both sides. This is implies that it is up to management to ensure that should there be a problem with project executioners, management acts as the intermediary to deliver the information to the owner, and the owner uses the management to deliver the solution or suggestion to the executor. This is similar to having project management act as a form of magistrate to resolve disputes between all si des involved, where the project manager is in charge of the management. In addition, I believe project management is the single most important cog in the wheel of a project where it directs all the activities of a project by eliminating confusion. Construction management is important in that it serves the central role of construction work, in which case nothing happens without the approval of management. As per the common description of construction management where the manager oversees the labour part of construction work, I believe that management focuses on the recruitment of workers (Wynn 2012). This implies that without construction management, there is plenty that cannot happen, where qualified members of staff in relation to construction cannot be hired. This translates to the lack of objectives, which the members of staff are supposed to accomplish, which a disaster waiting to happen, as without this administrative post, the meaning of construction is lost. With this in mind , construction workers are directionless, that is if they even are hired because there is no management to ensure that they get the job. Construction management is also important as it sets the budget based on the requirements on the ground as it has first-hand information on the requirements. This is because the management knows the amount of time required to conduct a given amount of work, as well as resources

Safety And Danger Of GM Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Safety And Danger Of GM Food - Essay Example Using findings from studies that have been conducted and an analysis of the genetic makeup and the number of chromosomes of various organisms, this paper will establish facts about the concept of genetic mutations. It will examine and establish the facts behind the allegation that genetic engineering techniques are the reason behind the increased number of cancer cases globally. Cancer is caused by the existence and persistent growth of cells which are unregulated. It occurs where there is an unregulated growth of cells after cell division in a certain area of the body and the cancerous cells are capable of spreading to other parts of the body. The concept that genetically modified foods are carcinogenic is disputed because the predisposing factors to cancer are vast and their scope is not well understood by experts. Arguments for the case are for the opinion that the genetic composition of humans could be altered the same way that of plants is altered by the introduction of foreign genes thus causing the growth of cancerous cells. Even though there are scientists who see it as baseless, some have still gone ahead and conducted a number of experiments to determine the real effects of genetically modified foods have been conducted using rats. In this particular experiment, a group of rats is fed on a lifelong diet of some of the best selling genetically modified corn while the control experiment was fed with normal nongenetically modified meals. A report by Poulter, 2012, on the studies conducted showed that the rats that were fed with genetically modified corn developed tumors and some of their organs stopped functioning properly. 65 percent of them had developed tumors by the twenty-fourth month. On the other hand, the tumor rate of the rats that had been fed with normal food was at thirty percent (Poulter, web).

General Investment Discussion Posts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

General Investment Discussion Posts - Assignment Example Wieland (2010) denotes that a passive investment strategy has a rate of return of 7% per annum. This, Wieland (2010) denotes that is the main disadvantage of a passive investment strategy. That is, an investor will not get a high return for his or her investments. Barnes (2009) denotes that an active strategy will incorporate a method in which an investor seeks to buy bonds or stocks expecting a high return. On this basis, its main advantage over passive strategy is that an investor can acquire unlimited return. However, this method is very expensive, and there is no guarantee of success. It is important to denote that approximately 80% of actively managed stocks usually underperform (Barnes, 2009). Those that perform well are not consistent over the years. On this basis, the best form of portfolio management is the hybrid system. This is because it is a combination of the passive and active investments strategies (Wieland, 2010). On this note, the hybrid system combines the advantages of these two investments strategies, as well as mitigating their disadvantages. Toporowski (2010) denotes that one major strength of a projected P/E is its ability to explain the degree of confidence upon which investors have on a company. Toporowski (2010) further denotes that a P/E which is low in value will imply that investors do not have confidence with the company. On the other hand, a P/E which is high will denote that investors have confidence with the company. Investors will therefore purchase the various securities and stocks of these companies. On this note, the projected P/E ratio provides a guideline in which investors will know a company that performs well or not. However, the P/E ration has limitations. This is because the P/E ratio uses earnings as its indicator. It is important to denote it is possible to manipulate the earnings of a company. On this note, it is therefore

Finncil Mrkets nd Monetry Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finncil Mrkets nd Monetry Policy - Assignment Example "In that sense I think the outlook is 'bimodal' - in terms of there being two main stories. The orthodox story, to which I gave most weight in my November vote, required a small tightening," he said. On the significance of the 15 per cent annual rise in broad money supply, Mr Tucker said it was important to look at what was contributing to the growth: "One has to get one's hands dirty in analysing the money numbers." (Daneshkhu, 2006) The rection of the finncil community to the increse of interest rtes by the Bnk of Englnd showed tht they believed tht the consumer price index would remin bove trget if rtes were left unchnged t 4.75 per cent. Growth ws firm nd hd left smll mrgin of spre cpcity, they rgued, while the risks from slowing US economy hd diminished. The still buoynt housing mrket might spur consumer spending, though it ws ccepted tht household indebtedness could ct s restrint. In ddition, the mjority remined concerned tht the upcoming New Yer py round my pose risk s workers noted tht the retil price index ws t n eight yer pek of 3.7 per cent. "There ws risk tht employees would seek to negotite higher wges in order to resist the erosion of their purchsing power ccording to tht index," sid the Bnk. (Daneshkhu, 2006) The mjorityThe mjority gin reiterted their concerns tht the fst pce of brod money growth could further fuel sset price infltion nd tht tht if infltion continued bove trget for much longer, tht might come to be reflected in infltion expecttions. ll these fctors posed upside risks to infltion. In contrst, one member, presumed to be Ms Lomx, "plced more weight on the downside risks to demnd nd infltion." (Fifield, 2006) The member lso rgued tht the ugust rte rise hd not yet fully been fully felt nd tht the Bnk ws underestimting the risks to demnd of slowing US economy. Rising unemployment ws likely to leve wge growth muted. nother member, believed to be Dvid Blnch flower, rgued tht the "current spike in infltion ws minly relted to lrge gs nd electricity price increses, which were still more thn offsetting the recent fllbck in petrol prices." Infltion would fll shrply next yer s their impct dissipted. Richrd McGuire t RBC Cpitl Mrkets sid the split vote might be interpreted by the mrket s reducing the momentum for nother increse in the cost of borrowing. "While it remins close cll, we continue to see the blnce of probbilities slnted towrd the Bnk of Englnd remining t the sidelines in Februry, view which hs received some support from tody's minutes." (Fifield, 2006) b) On wht grounds hs this interest rte increse hs been justifiedRises in interest rtes re justified by the forecsting tht Bnk of Englnd hs mde in reference to the growth during the next yer nd infltion tht will remin t or bove its trget over the next two yers. Addressing the Financial Markets Association in London, Paul Tucker said he had voted for last month's quarter-point increase in the Bank's main rate to 5 per cent. "With headline inflation tangibly above target in the run-up to the main, new year wage bargaining season and with the market clearly expecting that policy would be tightened, a small increase in bank rate was,

General Investment Discussion Posts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

General Investment Discussion Posts - Assignment Example Wieland (2010) denotes that a passive investment strategy has a rate of return of 7% per annum. This, Wieland (2010) denotes that is the main disadvantage of a passive investment strategy. That is, an investor will not get a high return for his or her investments. Barnes (2009) denotes that an active strategy will incorporate a method in which an investor seeks to buy bonds or stocks expecting a high return. On this basis, its main advantage over passive strategy is that an investor can acquire unlimited return. However, this method is very expensive, and there is no guarantee of success. It is important to denote that approximately 80% of actively managed stocks usually underperform (Barnes, 2009). Those that perform well are not consistent over the years. On this basis, the best form of portfolio management is the hybrid system. This is because it is a combination of the passive and active investments strategies (Wieland, 2010). On this note, the hybrid system combines the advantages of these two investments strategies, as well as mitigating their disadvantages. Toporowski (2010) denotes that one major strength of a projected P/E is its ability to explain the degree of confidence upon which investors have on a company. Toporowski (2010) further denotes that a P/E which is low in value will imply that investors do not have confidence with the company. On the other hand, a P/E which is high will denote that investors have confidence with the company. Investors will therefore purchase the various securities and stocks of these companies. On this note, the projected P/E ratio provides a guideline in which investors will know a company that performs well or not. However, the P/E ration has limitations. This is because the P/E ratio uses earnings as its indicator. It is important to denote it is possible to manipulate the earnings of a company. On this note, it is therefore

Technical Architecture and Why Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technical Architecture and Why - Assignment Example A distributed retailer is highly efficient because it does not rely on a hub site to provide most if not all of the services it needs. Moreover, all services are quick to respond to the in-store requests. Although hybrid and centralized system of technical architecture seem to be efficient in other businesses like shipping, a distributed system for a retail store is better because a retail store needs to track and identify behavioral trends in order to improve pricing and stocking. The proposed distributed operating system is essential in serving the various clients within the retail since it allows interactions of the various business activities through integration of machines within the network (Ray, 2009). A distributed DBMS is essential in providing functionality for the distributed system in order to facilitate the business processes for the retailer. Principles for technical architecture incorporate strategic and enterprise-wide goals that rely on specific environmental factors for the business (Greefhorst & Proper, 2011). Therefore, the proposed technical architecture for the retailer offers properties that are essential in meeting the retailer’s

My Hero-Muhammad Ali David Ramsey 10A Essay Example for Free

My Hero-Muhammad Ali David Ramsey 10A Essay My hero is Muhammad Ali who first came into the public eye as Cassius Clay when he won a gold medal at the Olympic Games in Rome in 1960. In 1964 he stunned the boxing community with his defeat of Sonny Liston, the heavyweight champion, and shocked the world yet again when he changed his name to Muhammad Ali after the fight. During the Vietnam war he was ordered to go and fight but he refused on religious grounds, but his decision was not met with ease, he was branded a draft-dodger and threatened with prison. He was stripped of his title and was effectively banned from boxing. Despite this, he never gave in to the American Government and stuck to his principles and during the years of exile from boxing he spent time studying his religion and public speaking. It was evident that he was sincere in his beliefs and he started to reclaim the respect of the American public, especially as the horrors of what was happening in Vietnam began to be shared more widely.When he was 28 and after 3 years band from the sport he loved, he was able to resume his boxing career. He eventually regained his title and went on to fight in some of the most breathtaking fights the world has ever seen. During his career, his influence on the world of boxing changed the sport forever. He took the world heavyweight championship away from its traditional New York City venue and took it to Canada, Britain, Germany, Zaire, Malaysia and Manila, as well as the United States. He used his position to speak out against inequality and always helped people who were less fortunate than himself. He is still an ambassador of his religion and continues to try to give people hope. After he came back from suspension, he started with a mission to reclaim his title, he was granted a title shot against Joe Frasier in 1971, he underestimated Joes ability however, and lost the fight, it would now be even harder to become champion again. The world said that he was too old and past his peak when he was beat again by Ken Norton in 1972. Joe Frasier was beaten by George Foreman so Ali knew that if he was once again to become the Greatest he would have to beat Ken Norton, which he did and then he made an amazing comeback against Joe Frasier in the rematch in 1974. Ali had earned his title shot, the stage was set for Zaire (the Rumble in the Jungle) Ali vs Foreman. Muhammad Ali was very old and although he had made amazing comebacks against Frasier and Norton, neither of these were the fighter that George Foreman was, even Alis own trainer asked Foreman to take it easy on Ali because he was an `old man`. But yet again Muhammad Ali proved the world wrong yet again by knocking out George Foreman out in 8 rounds to regain his title. He reigned as champion for 4 years until he was beaten by Leon Spinks, now Leon was thought to be the greatest and the world expected him to become the next Muhammad Ali, he repeatidly taunted Ali until the rematch when Ali taught him what it meant to be the greatest! He was the first man to win the title 3 times. His flamboyant style has made him a legend, and his slogans `I am the greatest` and `float like a butterfly, sting like a bee` became catch phrases. Alis lifestyle was plagued with divorces and failed relationships but stayed loyal to his religion and his fans. Ali was president Carters special envoy to Africa in 1980 (attempting to persuade nations to boycott the Olympics). Muhammad Ali has lots of personal qualities and values. He spoke for civil civil rights against discrimination of black people in America on numerous occasions and refused to go to Vietnam for 2 reasons: he remained loyal to Islam and he refused to murder innocent people. This shows dignity and independence because he wouldnt get drafted into the army when he didnt want to. I admire Alis determination and strengh of character in this act even when he was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment and had his boxing license revoked he would not submit to the American Government. Ali has got to be the most entertaining sportsman ever, his humour, charisma and skill in the ring earned him the sportsperson of the century award. I admired his boxing skills when I first learnt about Muhammad Ali but as I progressed in learning about his life I was amazed to find out how much money he donated towards charity, he held many fundraisers for under priveliged children on the streets of America and Africa. Ali was very endurant because he has always been the only boxer to dance around the ring for a whole 15 rounds during a fight. He was always confident in his abilitys and always optimistic. Ali has great ambition, ever since he started boxing he said he would be the greatest and went in the right direction to do so because he is widely known as the greatest boxer ever. Ali has the courage to stand up and fight for what he believed in because he became a muslim whilst getting alot of criticism off muslims themselves, and changed his name to Muhammad Ali to suit his religion even when his own family disapproved of it. Now, Muhammad Ali is suffering from Parkinsons disease, which attacks the nervous system, there is no cure for this disease and Ali has suffered immensly as a result of it. Despite this he still finds the energy to fund the Black Muslim campaign and other charities. Muhammad Ali has certainly influenced my life for the better because he has taught me to never give up on my dreams. Muhammad Ali is a perfect example of that if you work hard enough and never give up you can achieve just about anything, just as he did. The world might never have known Muhammad Ali if his bike hadnt been stolen when he was 12. He set out an aim to be the greatest ever and worked extremely hard but never gave up, even when he was deemed too old to fight again, he beat George Foreman, against all odds, in Zaire. In conclusion, Muhammad Ali is my hero because he has proved the world wrong again by defeating other boxers against all odds (and still leave room for his witty humour). I will remember Muhammad Ali as someone who stood up for his beliefs always and was indeed the greatest.

The Topic Of Sustainable Tourism

The Topic Of Sustainable Tourism This mini report aims at providing valuable information on the chosen research topic of sustainable tourism. The report aims at looking deep in to the topic by drafting the core literature of the topic followed by methodology and some finding and conclusion. This report reassess the growth of the term, commencing with a debate of the confusion arising from the vague and contradictory definitions of the concept, and the need to differentiate between sustainable tourism and the development of tourism on the main beliefs of sustainable development. The paper then re-examine the green focus of consultation of sustainable tourism and disagree for the need to ensure that the impression incorporates and is functional to the human environment as well as the physical environment. Concentration then moves to effort of haulage capacity, organize of tourism development, and the implication of the term to mass or conservative tourism. Last but not the least, the mini report concludes with a discussion of the prospect way of sustainable tourism and the probability of expansion moving in this direction. Tourism in the current millennium, correctly managed, has the latent to partake in, revolutionize and recuperate the societal, political, cultural, as well as the ecological magnitude of peoples potential lifestyle. In this new era, one of the maximum purposes of this policies and philosophies of tourism will be to cross-examine the cultural, economical, political as well as environmental reimbursement of tourism for the people, destinations and countries in order to prolong a healthy lifestyle (Edgell, 2006) Moreover, sustainable tourism can certainly become a major vehicle for realization of mankinds uppermost ambition in the mission to attain affluence while maintaining social, ecological and environmental veracity (Edgell, 2006). As such there is no particular definition of sustainable tourism. Complementing this, (Swarbrooke, 1999) mentions that sustainable tourism can be defined as the type of tourism which is ecologically practical but does not destroy the resources on which future tourism depends remarkably on the bodily environment as well as the social structure of the multitude community. Aims and Objective To review the topic of sustainable tourism Measuring the growth of sustainable tourism and answering the research question of is sustainable tourism consistent. Literature Review The tourism Industry The tourism industry today has reached a considerable level in terms of profits, number of tourists at varied destinations etc. In addition, the tourism sector has grown tremendously in the last decade providing visitors with a ur plus of destinations to visit. There have also been different types of tourism that have been developing namely, sports tourism, animal tourism, destination tourism, etc. Moreover, the type of tourism in the current lime light has been sustainable tourism as this is now playing a vital role in environmental issues (Edgell, 2006). Furthermore, details about sustainable tourism have been mentioned in the report further. Sustainable Tourism itself One of the main problems with the idea of sustainable growth is the method in which the solitary word sustainable has been useful to a diversity of performance pedestal on the supposition that it takes with it the ideological and theoretical inference of the thought (Harrison 1996). In the case of tourism, the effect has been the exterior and prevalent espousal of the term sustainable tourism, repeatedly devoid of any shot to define it (Hunter and Green 1995). In the situation of tourism, an apposite classification of sustainable tourism is tourism in a form which can continue its practicality in a vicinity for an indistinct period of time states (Butler 1993). Tourism at places such as Niagara Falls, London, Paris or Rome, is extremely sustainable. It has been winning in that place for years and depicts no cipher of declining. With such a definition, the importance is on the preservation of tourism, but in most issues, tourism is rival for capital and may not be the top or wisest use of possessions in these locations in the future.. The above mentioned definition, though, is not what is usually unspoken by the term sustainable tourism. Somewhat, relying on the present literature, what is in general meant by that term is as follows: tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a mode and at such a extent that it leftovers practical over an unlimited epoch and does not mortify or adjust the environment in which it survives to such a level that it proscribes the triumphant expansion and well being of performance and processes. (Butler 1993) The dissimilarity between these definitions is not just a theme of semantics. The meaning of sustainable tourism above mentions very modest about something except the future of tourism. Wall (1996) has noted, a single sectoral approach, a little that is at odds with the thought of sustainable growth, which by its extremely environment is holistic and multispectral. Thus sustainable tourism is not unconsciously identical as tourism urbanized in line with the philosophy of sustainable advance. As long as it is this way, then haziness and uncertainty will go on. Therefore the need to label the type of tourism being intentional or developed beyond the catch-all of sustainable is therefore critical, if information about the sustainability of tourism is to be long-drawn-out. Major issues in Sustainable Tourism The key term in this concept is the one of restrictions. However much proponents of growth may disregard the detail, implied in the impression of sustainable progress is the thought of confines. In the case of tourism, this is usually articulated in terms of numbers of tourists; though implied in this is the linked infrastructure development and scenery modifications. While accepted wisdom on carrying capability has been tailored really since the 1960s, researchers were looking for the magic number of guests who could be put up at a specific spot, the distress of volume still remains (Butler 1996). though it is by and large traditional that numbers unaided are not an fully pleasing measure of the belongings of tourism, there is hesitation that, in approximately all tourism contexts, there is a utmost figure of tourists who can be productively house. The detail remains, but, that in approximately every imaginable context, there will be an higher limit in provisos of the information of tourists and the quantity of advance associated with sightseeing that the target can withstand mentions (Shipp 1993). Once these echelons are surpassed, by and large in undesirable form. The environment of tourism itself modifys, the natural world of the purpose changes, the attractively and therefore the feasibility of the purpose declines, and tourism becomes no longer sustainable in its original form. If overeat and overdevelopment continue unabated, then any form of tourism may become indefensible in that location (Butler 1991; Cooper 1996; Zanetto Soriani 1996). An input part of scenery aim for sustainable tourism is the establishment of the tourism carrying faculty of a destination area (1996). In fact little, development suggestions classify or advise such restrictions. If sustainable increase ethics are incorporated in expansion plans in everything more than name barely, they are as a rule understood in indistinguishable terms which are long on sentiment and short on details. This is describes, in part, by the detail that researchers and policy makers in tourism have never grabbed the agitate of haulage capacity or confines and have never fashioned measures that could be used in such contexts (Butler 1996). The burning necessitate to take such steps at the local altitude as well as at new superior levels of government has been harassed more strongly just (Coccossis C Parpairis 1996; Johnson and Thomas 1996). Methodology The research methodology enables the researcher to collect the significant and relevant data for a particular research. In order to understand the recent developments in sustainable tourism, a secondary research has been conducted. Data in this research has been analyzed using graphs and charts. Some of the data is also presented in the discussion format to get the deeper knowledge. Moreover, secondary data included google books, academic articles as well as research journals in order to find accurate and precise data. Industry professional interviews were also considered. Findings and Conclusion In trying to identify where the state of the art of current research on tourism in the context of sustainable development stands is rather difficult. There is now a sizeable body of literature on this subject, which is growing rapidly. The topic has even resulted in the appearance of a journal {Journal of Sustainable Tourism) devoted to this field. A great deal more research by geographers and others has been conducted and is just reaching the publication stage (Pigram c Wahab 1997; Hall C Lew 1998; C. Becker, University of Trier, personal communication). Thus one cannot conclude simply that there is little written and that much remains to be done, nor can one argue that the key questions have been resolved. Although a great deal has been written, particularly in the last 5 years, I feel that much research does still remain to be undertaken. The key problem, in my mind, is the current inability to define to the satisfaction of all, or even most, of the stakeholders in tourism, exactl y what is meant by sustainable tourism. As noted above, this remains a major problem and, because ambiguity exists, almost any form of tourism can, and often is, termed sustainable. Related to this fundamental issue is the question of how sustainability might be monitored and measured if and when a satisfactory definition of sustainable tourism is established and accepted. It is clear that current research in all disciplines involved with tourism has not really tackled the problem of monitoring the effects of tourism in any context. Despite the real need to benchmark and monitor, first called for many years ago (Mathieson 8>C Wall 1982), such efforts have, by and large, been at best sporadic and non-systematic. Given the hype that exists in industry and political circles to persuade people that much is being done to achieve sustainable tourism, there is implicit, if not overt, opposition to research that might show that very little new or existing tourism development is sustainable, or at best that a decision on its sustainability cannot be made for many years to come. Also, many proponents of the idea of sustainable tourism seem unwilling to accept that, because an operation calls itself sustainable, it may not be so in reality. To assess the real impacts of tourism and the level of sustainability achieved requires in-depth longitudinal research and environmental, economic and social auditing. This requires stable funding and a willing- ness on the part of researchers to commit to a research programme for a considerable period of time. There is very little evidence that this sort of commitment currently exists and good long-term research on sustainable development in tourism or any other field is extremely scarce (Wall 1996). One can argue, therefore, that the greatest research need is to develop measures of sustainability and to apply these to existing and new forms of tourism development to help determine what affects sustainability and how it can be achieved; in other words, to operationalize the concept and evaluate it in operation. This is far more complex than it sounds because, as discussed above, a multi-sectoral approach is essential, and this requires much more than simply estimating the direct effects of tourism on the physical and human environments of destination areas. Even when the elements and processes of sustainability are identified and understood, there is still no guarantee that it will be practised in destination areas. It will be necessary, if sustainability is to be achieved, to ensure that all stakeholders are willing participants in the process. If the industry, at all scales, cannot be persuaded that it is in its own direct interest to commit to some principles of sustainability, then efforts ofother stakeholders will have little effect. If the public sector is not willing to educate and, if necessary, enforce sustainable policies and actions, then few are unlikely to follow them. Simply listing appropriate actions and strategies and calling for their adoption (Table 2), as some governments have done (Tourism Canada 1990), is but a first step specific action and enforcement are necessary as well. If local residents cannot see the short-term as well as long-term benefits to themselves of sustainable policies, they will subvert or ignor e them. Finally, if the tourists themselves do not enjoy or anticipate satisfaction from sustainable forms of tourism, they will not participate and not visit destinations geared to offer this type of tourism. One of the other tasks facing researchers, if they wish to ensure the application as well as the understanding of sustainable development of tourism, is to find ways to ensure the necessary policies and actions are acceptable to all stakeholders in tourism. Simply saying that all is well and that sustainable tourism is the way of the future because there is a growing interest in the concept will not ensure its adoption or success. At present, there is a disturbing tendency, in the desire to promote sustainable tourism, to claim that any small-scale, environmentally or culturally focused form of tourism is sustainable, particularly where it is developed by or for local residents. In the absence of accurate and reliable indicators and monitoring, one cannot comment on the sustai nability of any enterprise until many years after its establishment, and only then, after comparing its operation and effects, to the state of the environment at the time of its establishment. Given that the term sustainable development did not enter the lexicon until 1987, it is still too soon to say if anything created since then is truly sustainable or not.