Dr Conrad s Heart Of Darkness And Salih s Season Of...

The unpleasant and painful experience of colonialism in Africa has great effects on almost all faces of life such as language, education, religion, popular culture and the like. Colonial and post-colonial novels in Africa have therefore become unusual weapons used to change the European idea about the third world peoples and to illustrate how the European colonizer could create unequal relations of power, based on binary oppositions such as â€Å"First–world† and â€Å"third–world†; â€Å"white† and â€Å"black†, â€Å"colonizer† and â€Å"colonized†, etc. This duality can be seen clear in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Salih’s Season of Migration to the North. Conrad’s novel is filled with literal and metaphoric opposites: the Congo and the Thames, black and white, Europe and Africa, good and evil, purity and corruption, civilization and triumphant bestiality , light and the very heart of darkness . It is therefore true to say that the primary concern of most post-colonial African novelists, like Al-Tayyib Salih, Chinua Achebe and others, is to change for better the history of their people which colonialism has taken off or manipulated. The African novel occupies a central position in the criticism of colonial portrayal of the African continent and its people. It grew, in part, from a history of active resistance to the colonial encounter. It has been crossing boundaries and assaulting walls imposed by History upon the horizon of the continent whose aspirations it has been striving to

Contemporary Adolescence Fiction Encourages Coping,...

‘Contemporary adolescence fiction encourages coping, survival and acceptance.’ Salinger and Boock both tackle the fears around the question of, â€Å"Who am I going to be, when I become an adult?† The two writers help create, shape and attempt to answer this through the narratives of their characters. The genre of ‘Adolescent Fiction’ gives the authors the opportunity to sculpt the lives and minds, giving their readers a glimpse or a chance to once again reminsce an age period that almost every human would experience once. Within the adolescent period the individual themselves will go through the motions of confusion, survival or coping, and then finally acceptance. But why not mastery? Salinger’s protagonist Holden in Catcher in the Rye strives so hard to remain in a state of mind where the outside ‘Phonys’ can not reach him. Boock’s Dare Truth or Promise third- narrative helps her audience to understand the inner turmoil that arises once two teenage girls named Louie and Willa meet for the first time. Three chara cters are in a race against time. Time becomes their enemy and friend within the two selected texts. It is reason why Holden, Louie and Willa are not able to fully master their own personal fears, instead they learn how to cope with what awaits them. In this essay I will be discussing how Boock and Salinger’s work contributed and enhanced the genre of adolescent fiction. Being a pathway between the loss of childhood and the beginnings of adulthood. Adolescence occurs

Parent Involvement Model †Free Sample Assignment Solution

Question: Provide a rationale for your parent involvement model, including an exposition of the theories and research that support the concept that families are young childrens primary teachers, and that family and community involvement are critical to successful early learning. Answer: The role of parents in aiding the development and growth of their children, is immense. Literature supports this notion and the facts are based on assertions that are grounded. The involvement of the parents in the child development has been analysed under three major categories- school based involvement, home based involvement and the parent teacher relationship (Waanders, C., Mendez, J. and Downer, J., 2007). Many parent involvement models have been proposed in order to establish the relationship between the children in their early childhood years and the role of parents in grooming their lives. The involvement of the parents with children is considered effective in terms of yielding positive outcomes. There are many reasons why parents get involved, like to develop a personal construction of the role of the parents in the education of their child, to develop positive sense of efficacy for helping their children progress and succeed in school and lastly, to fulfill the demands of t he schools and the education system that ask for their involvement in the process. Numerous education policy statements as well as the practice guidelines have provided notable consensus about the parents being the childrens first and the most enduring educators (OEDC, 2012). The term partnership is used to describe the relationship between parents and the ECEC (Early Childhood education care) professionals. The major principle underlying the working in partnership theory is that there is equal contribution of each of the parties in the growth and development of the children. According to the Dutch context of the educational partnership, four main aims have been specified- pedagogical, democratic, organizational and enabling (Kernan, M., 2012). The pedagogical aims deal with the interaction between the teachers/ listeners and the parents, sharing their knowledge about the child. The democratic aims give the equal right to all the parents to participate and judge the decisions and po licies of school and also participate either formally or informally in the decision making process about the aims and the developments of the school. The organizational aims enable the parents to provide practical help to organize and implement the activities in and outside school. Lastly, the enablement aims ensure the involvement of both the parents and the professionals, establishing a mutual relationship that caters to the benefits of the child (Kernan, M., 2012). The role of parents and families in the learning outcomes of children, has been studied and much research has been conducted to evaluate the impact of parental involvement and their support in the early learning of the children. The major focus of the research has been the cognitive outcomes (literacy and the language) and the social emotional outcomes (attitudes and behaviour). According to Desforges and others, the parental involvement helps in influencing and therefore, shaping the childs self concept as a learner and through setting high aspirations. Some other researchers have also contributed to the findings and concluded that there are three form of parental capabilities: personal dispositions like warmth, sensitivity and their attitude ; equal and easy access to education services and resources and access to education-related institutions (Lee and Brown, 2006). Goals The most common form of parental model that is found in literature is the one in which the outcomes can be assumed to be governed by selective factors that are strongly related to parents including the sociodemographic variables or parental attitudes. Certain factors that are related to the school often play a major role and these factors include the status variables and the process variables. However, this traditional or conventional model falls short in one major aspect- why do the parents get involved in the education of their children and secondly, how does this involvement yield positive outcomes? The major aims of parent involvement model that we wish to develop here are to involve the parents actively in the process of education of their children, to provide activities and various opportunities that will help the parents to become a part of the school, to provide parent education and the parenting growth tips and other relevant opportunities for getting to know about good parenting, to help the parents of al the children understand the progress of the students and also provide them and offer them ways to receive help in their efforts to improve the progress of their child. And lastly to improve the skills of communication both at home and at school. The expected outcomes of the presented model will be strictly focused on the social, emotional and behavioural aspect of childs development. The behavioural aspect can be studied by studying the involvement of the parents with the homework of the child and other co curricular or classroom activities. This will aid in the academic progress of the child. Secondly, if the parents will get involved with the early years of development of their child, the emotional stability and the social functioning of the child can be enhanced. By allowing discussion of the behavior of the child both in the classroom as well as at home, the behavioural problems will be discussed and the negative impact of the environment of classroom and the teachers can be significantly reduced. Schools are a form of communities that have no bridge to the neighbourhood. Families, on the contrary, reside in the neighbourhood. Often there is little connection among the families, the neighbourhood, schools and each other. But since all these entities affect each other in one or the other way, they need to collaborate at some level. This would eventually help in minimizing the problems and maximizing the results. The collaboration between the family and the school does not only mean simply working together but coordinating together. The basic decisions of the parents involvement are generally influenced by the role of the parents and the construction of this role, the sense of efficacy of the parents that is involved in helping the child, the general school based invitations for the involvement of the parents and lastly the general child invitations for the involvement of the parents. Although the major aim of the model is to explore the fact that the involvement of the parents should be encouraged, the intent is to explain the process of involvement and evaluation of its influence according to which the parental and educational practice (Nokali, N., bachman, H. and Drzal, E., 2010). The parent involvement model comprises of five main levels. The first level of the model deals with the decision of the basic involvement of the parents and this decision is governed by the role construction of the parents, their sense of efficacy in helping the child, the invitations for the involvement by the school and the child invitations for involvement. The second level of the model deals with the parents choice of involvement forms and this is influenced by many factors like the skills and knowledge of the parents, other demands on the time and energy of the parents and the specific invitations from the school and the child. The third level of the model deals with the mechanisms that are used for parents involvement on childs school outcomes. There are three major methods that can be used- modeling, instruction and reinforcement. The fourth level of the model describes the tempering or the mediating variables like the parents use of the strategies that are developmentally app ropriate and the balance between the involvement of the parents and the expectations of the school. The last level of the model deals with the outcomes for the students including the knowledge and skills and self efficacy for the success of school. Another component of the model is the sociological factor that influences the family school interactions and the use of this component to provide a psychological perspective on the parents who participate in the schooling of their children. The second level of the model accepted that once a choice to end up included had been made, logical variables (e.g., time and vitality, observations of particular welcomes for inclusion from the kid and the tyke's instructor) affected folks' decision of inclusion structures. Level 3 of the model recognized systems of parental inclusion's impact (i.e., demonstrating, fortification, and guideline) on the other hand the particular means by which folks influence kids' school results. Level 4 guessed that these systems are compelling to the degree that there is a "decency of fit" between the folks' activities and (1) the youngster's formative requirements and (2) the school's desires for inclusion. The model climaxed in a fifth level, understudy results (i.e., abilities and information, sufficiency toward oneself for school achievement). Built thusly, the model was a hypothetical "guide" that associated existing collections of information and made parkways for building new information. The parental involvement can be of many types. Parenting is one of the kinds. It helps the families to establish and maintain the environment resembling home and therefore help in supporting the children as students. The next type is communicating with the children on school as well home level. This helps the parents in knowing the development of their children and helps them access the academic progress of the child. Volunteering is another type that ensures that the parents participate in the discussions, meetings and other recruitments that involve the talk on their childrens development. Next type is the learning at home type of involvement in which the parents are guided on how to involve themselves with the students/ children at home. This can be done in form of engaging or helping the children with their homework or other co curricular activities or decisions. The next type is the decision making approach for involving the parents. This helps in including the parents and allow ing them to participate in the decisions of the school, either by electing or appointing parent leaders or by electing representatives of the same. The last type of involvement is the collaborating with the community type. This type deals with the process of integration of resources and the services from the community that can be used to strengthen the programs by the school, the family practices and the learning and development of the students. The families that are culturally different and are diverse in their attitude and behaviour, have difference in involvement in the education. For an instance, children of poor farm workers generally face failure of school due to numerous risk factors that hamper their chances of receiving education. Certain factors like educational ideologies, social inequalities, educational structures and the interactions that are interpersonal influence the educational outcomes of the migrant children. The model that is being developed here aims to promote equal and positive outcomes fro the culturally diverse children as well by means of family intervention programs which are based upon the understanding, respect and appreciation for the dynamics, beliefs and values of the diverse families. Some of the strategies that have been incorporated are bilingual community liaisons, transportation, weekend as well as evening activities, provision of care of the child, refreshment for the school based activ ities, designing of a curriculum that reflects the values, culture, experiences, interests and the concerns of the migrant families, flexibility in the instructional programming, organized and co ordinate second chance opportunities for the training and education (Anderson, K. Minke, K., 2010). In order to commit to a high quality early childhood education with the help of involvement of th e parents it is important to strengthen the family approach. It is essential to provide quality care and education through the practices that are developmentally appropriate. For an instance, it is easier to communicate about the difficult issues in the family if the teacher-family relationship is good. The approach of reciprocal relationships is also a well served approach for the same purpose (Patall, E., Cooper, H. and Robinson, J., 2008). During early childhood if the early childhood professionals are able to develop good relationships with the family, they are in better position to understand the positives and the family stress. Eventually, they can offer appropriate information and provide their support more effectively. The development of this reciprocal relationship would mean that the parents are capable of recognizing the signs of abuse and also identifying the situations that may put their children at the risk and consequently aim for providing proper support to their families. The approach also helps the parents in understanding and responding to their childrens challenging behavior and building on the strengths of the families and the children (Olson, M., 2007). For the parents who actively get involved in the school of their children, there are many benefits along with the benefit of positive student outcome. But parents living under the poverty zone are less likely to participate in the events of the school or in their childs education. Such parents need to run errands, catch up on their sleep or care for their other small children or even care for the elderly parents (Vesler Orozco, 2007). Even th upbringing of the parents and the level of education that they have received determines how confident they are in participating in the education and academics of their children. The problem of poverty even affects the children as these children may fail or develop educational delays or not be able to graduate or may have lower marks or aggregate percentages, higher rates of absenteeism or tardiness or even dropping out of the school. Another barrier to this model is the attitude and habits of the parents (Green et al., 2007). Parents who are th e victims of drug or alcohol abuse often become the cause of academic failure of their children. Another barrier is the barrier of the language. English, being the base language, is used as the medium of communication in most of the educational institutions. But some parents may not be able to speak fluent English and this hampers their active participation and involvement (Nokali, N., bachman, H. and Drzal, E., 2010). Notwithstanding the dialect hindrance, a few folks' societies energize them not be ended up excessively included in school what's more feel to do as such is impolite (Velsor Orozco, 2007). There may be social issues that clash with clothing regulation limitations. Social issues might likewise keep families from partaking in occasion exercises focused around family values and convictions. Now and again, there may be folks who see the school as a threatening situation and feel that they are victimized by school staff, in this manner staying away from the school (Velsor Orozco, 2007). There are various strategies to overcome the communication or language barriers that prevent the successful implementation of this model. The communication system- two way, can be implemented using a home to school and school to home network. The flow of communication can be ensured by keeping the contact of the parents up to date. The regular use of the school and classroom newsletter should be encouraged so as to ensure that information is conveyed to all the parents. Encouragement and setting up of group meetings with the therapists, techers, counsellers, parents, administrators and the teachers should be made. The special visitors can conduct home visits and perform the administration related work whenever necessary. Ofcourse, by implementation of such measure and many more the language barrier can be eliminated from this model, but motivation and encouragement of the parents to actively participate in the developmental framework of their children, should be the major focus of th e model (Hornby, G. and Lafaele, R., 2011). References Anderson, K. Minke, K. (2010). Parent Involvement in Education: Toward an Understanding of Parents' Decision Making. The Journal of Educational Research, 100(5):311-323. Green, C L., Walker, Joan M., Hoover-Dempsey, K. Sandler, H. (2007). Parents' motivations for involvement in children's education: An empirical test of a theoretical model of parental involvement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(3): 532-544. Hoover-Dempsey, K. and Sandler, H. (2009). Parental involvement in Childrens education: Why does it make a difference? Parental involvement, 311-322. Hornby, G. and Lafaele, R. (2011). Barriers to parental involvement in education : an explanatory model. Educational review, 63(1): 37-52. Kernan, M. (2012). Parental involvement in early learning. Internationa Child Development Initiatives (ICDI). Nokali, N., bachman, H. and Drzal, E. (2010). Parent Involvement and Children's Academic and Social Development in Elementary School. Child Dev Author manuscript, 81(3):988-1005. Olson, M. (2007). Strengthening families- Community Strategies that work. The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. Patall, E., Cooper, H. and Robinson, J. (2008). Parent involvement in homework: A research synthesis, 78(4): 1039-1101. Waanders, C., Mendez, J. and Downer, J. (2007). Parent characteristics, economic stress and neighborhood context as predictors of parent involvement in preschool children's education. Journal of School psychology, 45(6): 619-636. Velsor, P., Orozco, G. (2007). Involving low-income parents in the schools: Community centric strategies for school counselors. Professional School Counseling, Jl(1), 17-24.

Green Thought By Jon Stallworthy Reading Response Essay Example

Green Thought By Jon Stallworthy Reading Response Paper Green Thought by Jon Stallworthy is an interesting and valuable poem about love. During my essay I will justify why Green Thought is a worthy poem to be entered into a young students poem anthology. The poem is an excellent choice because of Stallworthys choice of characters, imagery and his skill in showing the power that love has to heal. Within the poem, Stallworthy tells a story of love and death. Written in first person narrative, the poet describes an old man as he reminisces about his wife during the good times, and bad. Ultimately, the young poet learns a valuable lesson about love through the experiences of this old man. The story within the poem is one of my reasons for choosing this poem as it is about a mature romance, so young adults would benefit and learn a lot about love from it. The poem also shows us that life is a very precious thing so we should live our life to the very best we can, as we cannot predict what will happen in the future. But most of all, teenagers would benefit from the hope the story conveys. It gives hope that in any bad situation we can anticipate and expect good events to follow. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Thought By Jon Stallworthy Reading Response specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Green Thought By Jon Stallworthy Reading Response specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Green Thought By Jon Stallworthy Reading Response specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Despite being a story of mature love, which may seem to be an unusual subject for younger readers to enjoy, the lesson learned about love in the poem is very relevant. It gives readers the hope and expectations that love can have the power to heal pain. Seen through the eyes of the young poet, it helps the young students to relate to the story through Stallworthys perceptions of events. Similar to the young readers, the poet admits to not know much about love, so the theme of the story could be very educational. I expect that Stallworthys perspective of the old man would also be similar to the readers. His observations are very reliable as he conveys that we learn from older and more experienced people, as that is where our perception of life comes from. The poet effectively creates a variety of different images during the course of the poem. From the opening lines I knew the comparison between love and grass was definitely effective. He has described love as common as grass. From this image, I imagined that what was meant by it, is love is everywhere. Even though it may sometimes refuse to take root on a lawn, which means that even when you cannot seem to receive or give love when and where you want, it will always appear very unexpectedly. Love is a constantly growing factor in life. Not only is love a positive and significant occurrence, it is also able to split asphalt. This image tells us that love is very destructive. Love also has the ability to bury a bombsite. This means that love is a very effective healer and can cover over hurt. Being able to grow in any ditch, niche or gutter, shows love is persistently surrounding us, even between the most unlikely of couples. The realistic portrayal of the characters throughout the story is another reason for choosing the poem. The old man in the story is conveyed as a well dressed and mannerly man with his scrupulous tweeds and courtesy, and someone who we would regard as a grandfather figure. I feel that we are able to look up to him and that many people will be able to relate to his personality and description as of that of someone they know. When he is dressed up he is described as part of the ritual tea while he remembers a girl, not yet his wife and how happy things used to be. The readers would be able to feel compassion for the old man at this point in the poem. The portrayal of his wife is two sided. In the good times, she is regarded as a happy character, who runs for more tea into the singing kitchen. The personification of the kitchen is an effective way of an example of how happy she was. However, the image of her is soon changed to that of a gaunt, tragedy queen. This is a very dramatic image of her as an unhappy person which is a very reliable description as the man only had selective memories of her as a princess not nineteen and he only remembered the good times. Tears and agonies, that even the doctors could not understand backs up my earlier view of a mental illness and shows her depressive moods. I imagine being around her at this point would be quite traumatic as the last tantrum ended by her hand. This childlike connotation and the repetitiveness of the word conveys some kind of mental illness and uncontrolled emotions that she had. It is shown how important this love is to the man by the ritual of the Sunday afternoons. This religious imagery is then continued with the woman; as he loved her so much he even worshipped her in a religious sense. The shrine this is continues the imagery as a shrine is seen as a religious and special place, and I think that as this ritual was so important to him, it actually became like a religion. The effective descriptions, images and lessons learned from the legend of the funeral in the poem are definitely very positive reasons for choosing this poem. He is described to be brought to the brink of her graveside. This makes me imagine he is physically brought face to face with what he refuses to accept, but also that he is mentally brought to the end of her life and the funeral makes it all final. Again, imagery is used to expose emotion. Healed with fine snow, is a perfect example, in that the snow is healing the pain of the mourners. The personification of every tree in sight bowing a moonlit head illustrates that even the trees were respecting her death by bowing in sympathy with him. In some way, the old man is protected by love. The snow falls by bandaging the bruised earth. This means that love acts like a bandage to a temporary scar. As the old mans love for his wife was so powerful, it was able to bandage the pain that she is gone. The snow has even more effect by being so peaceful and tranquil. It made the circumstances seem less harsh and eased the pain slightly. Due to Stallworthys excellent use of imagery, description and characters, I have learned a lot about love. I have learned that even in the most damaging, painful situations, love will always have the power to heal pain. In particular, the poets character analysis has given me very high expectations about love and marriage. The old man is a perfect example of how love should be. The vows made in marriage were certainly kept in his case. He loved his wife in sickness and in health, no matter how bad it seemed he did not leave her; this is true love. In conclusion, I definitely believe that this poem is suitable to be included in a poetry anthology for young students, simply because it gives hope, expectations and explanations of what love is and any young reader would benefit from the lessons learned about love in this poem.

Themes of Fear in Batman Begins Essay Example For Students

Themes of Fear in Batman Begins Essay I believe the main theme of the film, Batman Begins, is fear. The movie uses fear to show how it could affect the way people live and think. It shows how fear can take control of a human being, destroy them completely, and potentially destroy a society. It also shows how a person can instead take control of fear, this is what frees people, because without fear we can do almost anything. The characters that represent these effects of fear are Batman and Dr. Jonathan Crane (Scarecrow). Each of them are exposed to extensive amounts of fear to start their lives. We will write a custom essay on Themes of Fear in Batman Begins specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Fear that was cause by criminals, both Batman and Jonathan lost their parents to criminals. At first the fear affects them both similarly, but in the long run the effects are completely different. The difference is their ability to control the fear, and the way they used the fear. Batman used his fear to fight crime and save innocent people to better Gotham while Jonathan used fear to kill criminals, create more criminals, attack innocent people, and ultimately attempt to destroy Gotham. Their control of fear is what resulted in them acting in these completely different ways. Batman controls his fear enough to maintain a sane way of thinking, resulting in him being able to tell right from wrong, and villains from innocent people. He lives by rules, which include the inability to kill someone. These rules separate him from the villains, other low lives, and the league of shadows whom he learned his skills from. This makes sure he really is making a difference in the world. Then there’s Jonathan who can’t tell apart the good from the bad because of his lack of control of fear. Which enables fear to control him and potentially drive him to try to obliterate all of Gotham. This is what turns him into Scarecrow. Jonathan so strongly wants justice for what happened to his parents that he goes on a rampage of killing people, and destroying the city. This results in havoc throughout Gotham. This is a complete and utter fail to distinguish good from bad, fueled by a large want for justice. Most would ask, how could fear drive you to doing these things? It is a proven fact that extremism comes from fear. Some examples are obese people and terrorists. Obese people go to extreme lengths and potentially starve themselves to lose weight, while terrorists give up their lives and perform horrendous attacks on innocent people in fear of their god. Batman controls his fear, Jonathan doesn’t, which results in fear controlling him and eventually creates extremism. Fear is also used in the drug that Scarecrow uses to surface peoples’ biggest fears. Scarecrow uses this drug to make people feel how he feels inside. We can relate this to the fact that Bruce Wayne (Batman) uses the bat suit to fight crime so he can make criminals fear the bat as he fears bats. Though Batman can control his fear, he is also susceptible to this drug. Everyone controls their fears to some point but everyone still fears someone or something. Even if it’s something that’s never brought up or never comes to mind, it’s still there. The immunity of fear is impossible. Like the fear drug did to Gotham, fear could destroy a society in today’s world through violence and chaos. Violence is created by fear and violence results in chaos, this is what can and will destroy a society. Violence will tear apart a political structure because violence harms the people, and the political structure is supposed to keep the people safe. In other words, if the people aren’t safe, the political structure and wellbeing of society aren’t safe. The fear drug shows what would happen if people became overtaken by fear and panic. The movie suggests that it would totally obliterate a society. .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 , .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 .postImageUrl , .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 , .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688:hover , .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688:visited , .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688:active { border:0!important; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688:active , .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688 .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d482c772b50e678c1317a67748c3688:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Star Wars and Odyssey Comparison Paper Essay ExampleBatman Begins does a great job of using fear to show how it could affect humans and society on a small and large scale. On a small scale, it could completely change a person, their morals, and their lifestyle in a good or bad way. On a larger scale its way more devastating, completely destroying civilizations and societies. Jonathan (Scarecrow) was pushed by fear, but not all criminals have the same motivation. A lot of criminals are more brutal than Jonathan, a lot of criminals just want to see the world erupt in chaos, potentially destroying society. This makes you think, what would happen if someone with a good bit of power was to become like Jonathan? What would happen to society? Would we put an end to it or would we let it eat us alive from the inside out? Well never know until it happens. We can look at historical events that somewhat relate to this though. For example, what Hitler did to the Jews and surrounding countries, and what Pol Pot did to Cambodia. Both these campaigns were put to a stop so we can almost assume that if it happens again the same results will come forth. Only time will tell.

The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Essays

The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Essays The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Essay The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Essay The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Nigel Pain, Isabell Koske OECD Meeting of Heads of National Economic Research Organisations at OECD Headquarters June 15 2007, Paris. Over the past decades international economic integration has proceeded rapidly. Trade in Goods and Services Exports plus imports to GDP (current US$) Foreign Direct Investment Assets plus liabilities to GDP (current US$) 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% World OECD 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% OECD World Non-OECD Non-OECD 0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Globalisation has been proceeding for many years. The pace of economic integration has been particularly marked since the mid1990s – suggesting structural changes in the impact may have occurred. 2 2 New developments that may have affected the impact of globalisation on OECD economies The marked increase in the extent and pace of integration since the mid-1990s The integration of China and India into the global economy – significantly boosting global labour supply Development of international production networks: the fragmentation of production across borders via international outsourcing and offshoring; international trade in tasks Foreign competition spreading into previously sheltered sectors and occupations via ICT-enabled offshoring and market entry. Financial globalisation Such developments, common to all OECD economies, have prompted a re-assessment of the impact of globalisation. Globalisation now affects particular tasks and occupations as 3 3 well as firms/sectors. The Globalisation and Structural Adjustment Project 2005-07 This had three main components: The macroeconomic effects of globalisation labour markets, inflation, policy challenges from the future evolution of globalisation. The sectoral impact of trade on labour markets The effects of the outsourcing of business services The project examined the policy challenges from: The spread of global trade production networks and IT-enabled global sourcing. The impact of non-OECD economies on commodity markets and competition pressures in the OECD. Financial globalisation. A final report was provided to Ministers in May 2007 4 4 The current phase of globalisation has coincided with structural reforms in OECD labour markets The impact of globalisation is occurring against a background of widespread reforms to labour market institutions (see the Restated OECD Jobs Strategy) – for example: Reductions in product market and labour market regulations Activation of the unemployed Increased responsiveness of wage setting to supply/demand pressures Reductions in tax wedges All these affect wage and employment outcomes. Other things being equal, they should have acted to reduce structural unemployment. Attempts to quantify the impact of globalisation have to allow for other (potentially endogenous) sources of structural change. 5 5 The labour share of GDP has fallen, but real wages have grown robustly in most OECD countries. Labour Income Shares 0. 7 0. 65 0. 6 0. 55 0. 5 0. 45 0. 4 1980 1 2 OECD economies (weighted average) Real Compensation per Employee 150 140 OECD1 USA JPN FRA 110 100 DEU 1980 1 Income share of labour 1 130 120 Income share of employees2 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Dependent employees and self-employed. Dependent employees (private and government sectors). Weighted average; country coverage varies according to data availability. The decline in the labour share began before the mid-1990s. In accounting terms, the labour share decline is due to labour productivity rising faster than real wages. 6 6 Real wage growth over the past decade is not correlated with trade openness. 5% 4% GRC POL ISL CZE NOR TUR PRT SWE GBR USA FIN DNK NZL KOR AUS CAN FRA CHE AUT JPN ESP DEU ITA MEX SVK HUN IRL BEL NLD Real wage growth1 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% Trade openness2 1Annual averages, 1995 to most recent observation. 2Exports plus imports to GDP, average 1995 – 2006. 7 Real wage growth was somewhat stronger in countries where openness rose the fastest. 5% 4% GRC NOR PRT SWE ISL POL CZE HUN Real wage growth1 3% TUR IRL SVK GBR 2% USA NZL DNK FIN KOR FRA AUS CAN BEL 1% AUT CHE NLD JPN DEU 0% ITA ESP -1% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% MEX LUX 12% Change in trade openness2 averages, 1995 to most recent observation. 2Percenta ge point change in the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP, average 1995 – 2006. 1Annual 8 8 Despite real wage growth, earnings inequality has risen, especially in the top half of the distribution. Earnings inequality in OECD countries P90, P50, and P10 denote the 90th, 50th, and 10th percentiles of the distribution of earnings for full-time employees. Source: OECD Employment Outlook (2007), forthcoming. Wages of more skilled workers have risen relative to those of less skilled workers, though not in all countries. This is one source of political concerns about globalisation. 9 9 Possible labour market impacts of trade and international production networks Lower-skilled tasks can be moved to lower (unit) cost locations potential productivity gains for domestic industries rising trade will coincide with rising skill-related premia Substitution of employment between home and host locations is more likely for cost-saving investments and the larger the host relative to the home country. Possible implications include: Domestic labour demand is more sensitive to domestic wages Employment adjusts more rapidly to changes in desired labour demand (via output, real labour costs, technical change etc. ) Firms have an exit option which, even if not exercised, raises the relative bargaining power of employers. Impact on wage bargains will depend on the preferences of those involved the level at which bargaining takes place. 10 10 Foreign affiliate employment rose relative to domestic employment between 1992-2003 in all sectors in the G3 Ratio of U. S. Foreign Affiliate Employment to Employment in the U. S. (%) Business Services Financial Services Telecoms Transportation Trade Transport Equipment Electrical Optical Machinery Metals Chemicals Pulp Paper Textiles Food, Beverages Tobacco 0. 0 10. 0 20. 0 30. 0 40. 0 50. 0 60. 0 70. 0 2003 1992 There are marked differences across sectors. The data for Japan and Germany show a similar pattern to the US. 11 11 Empirical evidence from the GSA project (and IMF work) suggests globalisation is affecting the labour market. No evidence of aggregate impact on employment levels or growth. Globalisation is one factor contributing to the decline in the labour income share and the rising returns for skilled workers. But it only accounts for a small part of these trends. Technological change and changes in labour market institutions are more important. Evidence for some industries, especially in manufacturing, that globalisation raises the wage elasticity of labour demand: Outward FDI raises the long-run wage elasticity of labour demand (0. 8%1. 0%) Trade raises the short-run wage elasticity of labour demand (0. 2% in mid1980s 0. % early 2000s) For the US, employment growth in US-owned foreign affiliates has positive correlation with employment at home; for Japan, the correlation is negative (controlling for sales and costs). 12 12 Globalisation also has positive effects on productivity levels and growth in OECD economies. Greater specialisation in areas of comparative advantage. Better access to foreign kno wledge (inward and outward FDI). Using intermediate inputs produced offshore may boost home productivity growth (Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg, 2006) Benefits of enhanced competitive pressure in product markets. The OECD Growth Project found that a 10% pt increase in trade openness was associated with a 4% rise in income per capita. Work for GSA (for 9 global regions) found that enhanced openness raises the rate of convergence of GDP per capita to US levels. Labour market work for GSA found evidence that outward FDI and the international outsourcing of intermediate inputs can raise productivity in home economies. 13 Summary of labour market impacts of globalisation (from trade and FDI – migration will add to these) Globalisation is associated with rising living standards The benefits are not shared automatically by all workers Globalisation is one factor generating structural change The ongoing globalisation process is one factor helping to dampen wage inflation and reduce the labour income share. These may be one-time changes, albeit prolonged. The higher wage elasticity of labour demand raises potential gains in employment from labour-market reforms, but also raises the potential volatility of workers labour market outcomes. Labour market developments are becoming more closely linked with those in other countries. One channel for global factors to influence domestic cost growth. Increasingly important to put policies in place to help labour market adjustment in OECD economies. 14 There are reasons to believe that the labour market challenges could increase further. Vertical multinationals production fragmentation become more likely as trade and communication costs fall and as location becomes possible in countries with different factor endowments. China India have significant reserves of underemployed labour. OECD estimates suggest that up to 20% of occupations in the major economies are potentially offshorable (high ICT content). 15 Globalisation has coincided with changes in the short-run association between labour market pressures wage growth. 15 ? Total Compensation per Employee (in %) 15 10 5 ? Total Compensation per Employee (in %) 10 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 -1 -0. 5 -5 0 0. 5 1 Unemployment Gap (in %) 1. 5 2 0 -2 -1 United States 15 ? Total Compensation per Employee (in %) 10 30 Japan ?Total Compensation 25 per Employee (in %) 20 15 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 -2 -1 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 Unemployment Gap (in %) 4 5 6 0 -1 -0. 5 Euro Area United Kingdom 16 The lines are fitted regression lines through the actual quarterly data for the period. Globalisation has coincided with changes in the short-run association between labour market pressures unit cost growth. 15 ? ULC (in %) 15 10 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 -1 -0. 5 -5 30 25 20 15 ?ULC (in %) 10 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 0 -2 -1 United States 15 ? ULC (in %) Japan ?ULC (in %) 10 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 -2 -1 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 0 -1 -0. 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 5 6 7 Euro Area United Kingdom 17 The lines are fitted regression lines through the actual quarterly data for the period. Globalisation has coincided with changes in the short-run association between labour market pressures inflation. 15 ? PCP (in %) 15 10 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 -1 -0. 5 -5 0 0. 5 1 Unemployment Gap (in %) 1. 5 2 ? PCP (in %) 10 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 5 0 -2 -1 United States 15 ? PCP (in %) 30 25 20 15 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 -2 -1 10 5 0 Japan ?PCP (in %) 10 0 -1 -0. 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Euro Area United Kingdom 18 The lines are fitted regression lines through the actual quarterly data for the period. Globalisation has coincided with changes in the relationship between labour market pressures inflation. The short-run Phillips curve has become more horizontal over time, both for labour costs and for price inflation. Also apparent using the change rather than the level of inflation. Movements in the unemployment (and output) gap have smaller effects on inflation than before. This can reflect many factors – globalisation, other structural labour market changes, better anchored inflation expectations and changes in monetary policy frameworks. The flattening of the Phillips curve began before globalisation accelerated in the mid-1990s: Better anchored inflation expectations may be more important. The role of globalisation is an empirical matter. Competition could even make prices more responsive to activity. 19 The impact of globalisation on price inflation is examined in Pain, Koske and Sollie (2006). The analysis has three steps: Calculation of the direct impact of rising lower-cost imports from emerging economies on inflation rates in selected OECD economies using a simple accounting framework. Analysis of the impact of global economic conditions on oil and non-oil commodity prices. Empirical analysis of the wider impact of globalisation on consumer prices in 21 OECD economies, over 1980-2005 Test whether inflation dynamics changed in the mid-1990s. Quantification of the impact of globalisation on prices and inflation through a scenario analysis that distinguishes the impact of non-commodity and commodity import prices. 20 [1] Main findings of the accounting analysis: The combined impact effect of lower-cost imports from China and other dynamic Asian economies has reduced domestic inflation by 0. percentage points per annum in the United States (from 1996 to 2005); by 0. 3 percentage points per annum in the euro area (from 2000 to 2005). Calculations from a number of studies (Federal Reserve, ECB) suggest that imports from lower cost producers have pushed down non-commodity import price inflation by between 1 and 2 percentage points per annum over the last decade. 21 [2] Gl obalisation and commodity prices: empirical results. Strong GDP growth in the non-OECD economies since 2000 has been an important factor behind the recent growth of real oil prices and real metals prices. A scenario analysis of setting the growth rate of non-OECD economies equal to the (lower) growth rate of the OECD economies from 2000 onwards reveals that oil prices would have been 20-40% lower than the baseline in the fourth quarter of 2005; real metals prices would have been 10% lower than the baseline. This removes some, but not all of the strong growth in oil and metals prices over recent years. 22 [3] The price equation estimated jointly (SUR) for 21 OECD countries using quarterly data for 1980-2005 is: ? ln P = ? + i,t 0i ? ? SH M SH ? ln P ? M ? [1 ? M ln P ] ln C ? ? 1i ? i,t ? 1 1i i, t ? 1 i, t ? 1 1i i,t ? 1 i,t ? 1 ? ? 4 4 4 M + ? ? ? ln P C + ? GAP + ? ? ji ? ln Pi,t ? j + ? ? ji ? ln Pi,t ? j +? ji i,t ? j 3i i,t ? 1 it j =1 j=0 j =0 P, PM and C denote consumer prices (CED), import prices of goods plus services and domestic unit labour costs MSH denotes the import share of domestic demand (rolling regressions without this term showed a rise in ? 1 over time) GAP is th e domestic output gap Cross-equation parameter restrictions imposed if data permits ? 1 found to be significantly larger from 1995Q1 onwards 23 3] The impact of globalisation on price inflation The long-run influence of import prices on domestic consumer prices has risen since the mid-1990s. This reflects two factors: a rise in import penetration in OECD economies; the impact of import competition on competitors’ prices. The impact of import prices on domestic consumer prices is larger in small open economies. The cyclical sensitivity of inflation to domestic economic conditions declined between 1981-1994 and 1995-2005. No robust significant additional impact from the global output gap. Global conditions are already reflected in import prices). The separate commodity and consumer price findings are combined in a set of scenario analyses. These show that ex-ante inflationary pressures in most OECD economies would have been moderately higher in the absence of globalisation 24 Impact on consumer price inflation from removing globalisation effects 2000-05. Average percentage point difference per annum Commodity . Non-commodity Component . component . Japan Canada OECD United States United Kingdom Germany France Euro Area Italy Net effect -0. 4 -0. 2 0. 0 0. 2 0. -0. 2 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 Lower bound of commodity import price effect (20% oil, 10% metals) Upper bound of commodity import price effect (40% oil, 10% metals) Lower bound of non-commodity import price effect (1%) Upper bound of non-commodi ty import price effect (2%) Lower bound of net effect Upper bound of net effect Range of possible impact These estimates are for given labour costs. To the extent that globalisation also affected labour cost growth, the net implicit disinflationary impact of globalisation may be even higher. 25 Concluding comments and issues for discussion [1] Globalisation is clearly affecting labour market outcomes in the OECD, and also domestic price inflation. Can the various impacts can be expected to persist for some time? The existing impact appears modest – will it rise in the future? Estimating underlying inflationary pressures is more complicated: Globalisation affects commodity and non-commodity prices The flatter Phillips curve raises the difficulties of identifying where the economy is relative to potential. Does this have implications for the conduct of monetary policy? 26 Concluding comments and issues for discussion [2] Globalisation raises the need for labour market flexibility (job reallocation) but also raises fears about job insecurity and widening earnings inequality. What are the appropriate policies to deal with these concerns? Enhancing potential job creation and labour market adjustment: greater product market competition reduced employment protection legislation Education/training policies to equip workers with general skills Direct adjustment assistance to displaced workers: Transitional income support (and health coverage) Full occupational pension portability Active labour market programmes for updating skills and improving job search. 27

Human trafficking in Utah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human trafficking in Utah - Essay Example Hence, due to this repugnance by the businessmen, there has been the desired by the private and public sectors to work together in an attempt to control and administer the crime. In this gaze, the paper examines on what ways have the private and public sectors can cohesively work closely to reduce the menace that has stood to destroy the name of the city. The public sector of Utah has since been accused of many wrongdoings over the past that includes corruption, bribery and retrogressive policies that did not impact much on the reduction of human trafficking. According Potrafke, (2013), he observed that public confidence and trust has changed significantly in the fight against human trafficking. The citizens will find it easier to report the crime as they are sure that actions would be taken against the perpetrators. The new office of the public sector of the state under the new bureau of the attorney general had recruitment and expanded the workforce both from the private sector and government officials. The society stakeholders, therefore, find an easier way to the public corridors especially the Utah citizens. Another mechanism that has been used by the public sector is to create a different task force within the city of Utah that comprises of private and public personnel. (Farrell & Pfeffer, 2014) observed that having a proper wo rkforce ensured that thorough investigations are taken and prosecution of perpetrators. The two arms of the society provide a wider view of the problem that enables the crime to be reduced. Both the private and public department has been involved in the development strategy of the city of Utah to reduce human trafficking. Utah’s attorney general office has been creative through innovations by the use of modern technology to reduce humanity crimes as the trafficking in persons. They have created web-based within their systems that enables reporting of crimes such as human trafficking.

Media comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media comparison - Essay Example This made the consulate an easy target. Al Jazeera explains that the Libyan bureaucrats had given stern warnings to the American envoys to vacate the building just before the attack (Ryan, 2012). This was after the Libyan citizens began to protest against a movie ridiculing the Prophet Muhammed of the Muslim community. However, the diplomats did not listen to them. The building was finally attacked leading to the sudden deaths of the US ambassador to Libya among other three Americans. Ten Libyans were also killed. Fawzi Abd al-Aali, a representative of eastern Libya’s interior ministry, stressed that the Americans could have escaped in the first few hours of the protest when the crowd was still manageable (Ryan, 2012). He also accredited the disaster to the state’s inability to enforce security and also the uncontrolled possession of heavy weapons by ordinary citizens. However, the report according to the US Media Consulting is different. It suggests that the attack had probably been organized and preplanned by the al-Qaida and dismisses the claims that there had been an anti-American protest. Moreover, the report claims that Christopher Stevens had always raised alarms that his life was in danger, specifically spotting the fact that he had been listed in the al-Qaida punch record. Political analysts associate this to his continuous concern with al-Qaidas growing numbers in Libyan main towns. According to the US Media Consulting industry, the attack was organized by the al-Qaida probably with the help of the former Guantanamo Bay inmate Sufyan Ben Qumu (Post, 2012). Comparing the two reports, it can be deduced that most media firms always tend to be biased. The report according to the US Media Consulting firm tends to dismiss the fact that the attack on the United States consulate in Bhengazi was due to the anti-American protest (Post, 2012). The coverage seems to be biased trying to protect the American image. Instead, it blames the al-Qaida for the

Death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Death penalty - Essay Example But imprisonment without parole should serve as an alternative to the death penalty, and should be given enough and serious consideration. The death penalty should be stopped and must be prohibited (Pojman and Reiman 72). This essay’s main agenda or main aim is to support the argument that the death penalty should be abolished. In the research, there will be proofs to support that use of the death penalty as a form punishment does not deter crime. Also the research will look at the origin of the use of the death penalty as a form of punishment, and will give the reasons why this form of punishment should be stopped. The death penalty or capital punishment is a legal process whereby a person is sentenced to death for a crime he or she has committed. The actual process of killing the person is called execution. The death penalty tends to brutalize and disregard society and thus it should be completely banned (Johnson and Zimring 289). The death penalty was first used in Babylon for various crimes at least 3700 years ago, and was also used in many other parts in the world. Some countries imposed it for terrible crimes, while others imposed it on very minor offenses, for example under the Roman law of the twelve tablets in the 5th century BC, the death penalty was administered for crimes like publishing of insulting songs and also disturbing the peace of the city. Another example is under the Greece Draconian legal code in the seventh century, where the death penalty was a punishment for every crime (Kronenwetter 11). In a number of ancient societies, the death penalty was used to punish people who committed crimes against the community and religious leaders. The death penalty also served as punishment for other crimes such as robbery, rape, and murder committed against individuals. Rather than being conducted by the legal systems, punishments were carried out by families, clans, and victims in public. According to Kronenwetter, â€Å"execution

Case Study Of Qatar Diar Commerce Essay

Case Study Of Qatar Diar Commerce Essay The real estate industry is a development process that involves establishment of real estate in prepared land by individual, government or developers. In this work Qatar was chosen as the country and Qatar Diar as the real estate company. To support growing economy of Qatar with an eye to manage Qatars real estate development priorities Qatar Diar was established in the year 2005 by Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) which is the autonomous wealth fund of Qatar state. Northwest of Doha and on the coast of Arabian Gulf Qatar Diars headquarter is located. It started with $1bn capital. Its main concern was investment in real estate and community based projects. Since the start the company has worked on its portfolio which is worth $60bn estimated through its global investments. Vision and Mission: Qatar Diars vision is to be the finest real estate company in the world by valuing consumer imagination, cultural values and inspiring relations. Companys vision statement is so far being honest with its vision. It has since its incorporation focused on luxurious ventures. Despite the fact that Qatar hasnt seen booming real estate bubble like its neighbour UAE Qatar Diar has provided with excellent opportunity to represent Qatar in the real estate market. Mission of Qatar Diar is to improve quality of life of Qatars people and in places they will have project by creating distinguished grand development projects by valuing top industry standards. Since the beginning the company has worked on the standard of its developments and it is evident from the projects they have done so far. More discussion on that will be in the next section. Projects of Qatar Diar: In a short span of time Qatar Diar has managed to create a global portfolio of real estate projects. At present the company has projects in Qatar and GCC, Asia, Europe, The Americas and Africa. Companys first project was Lusail City which was launched in December 2005 and soon it gained momentum. It wasnt long when Qatar Diars innovative outlook started gaining praise for its work. This city is progressively self-contained which is the largest singleton real estate development undertaken in state of Qatar. Although the project hasnt completed yet but Lusail have already created buzz about Qatars grand scale vision on next generation of developments. Qatar Diar already has become synonymous to quality. Lusail Real Estate Development Company started its journey in September 2008 to operate the expansion, construction and other development operations in legendary Lusail City Development. In 2009 November under Qatar Diars flagship Qatar Railways Development Company was established which was of significant value for its portfolio. This company brought Qatars vision of creating a fully integrated national rail network and this regions first ever integrated railway system into reality. In parallel with its developments in Qatar, Qatar Diar has always been committed to focusing on international market simultaneous to domestic market. Not only life of Qatars people was touched by Qatar Diar but also it has touched million people through its worldwide development ventures. As of now it is now one of the most famous, trustworthy, respected real estate company. It has become possible because of its continuous commitment to quality service, developing communities with state of the art innovative designs, worthy partnerships and trademark sustainability promise. In January 2012 report released by Qatar Diar it has US $4 billion capital with currently undergoing 49 projects solely in Qatar related to development and planning. Also they have projects in 29 countries all around the world which combined can be valued at US $35 billion. Strategic Business Management and Planning Tool: Every business operates in micro and macro environment. To be successful in this competitive age every business have to have strategy for its operations whether its company management or marketing its products. For a company like Qatar Diar it has greater responsibility towards its wider stakeholders. For the purpose of this study focus will be given on two widely used strategic tools. SWOT Analysis PESTEL Analysis SWOT Analysis of Qatar Diar: SWOT which stands as an abbreviation of Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats is a widely used tool to analysis an organisations current standing in the business environment. It also looks into the future considering current competitions. This is a comprehensive planning tool where internally it focuses on strengths and weaknesses of an organisation at current state and looks into external impact factors in forms of opportunities and threats (Sadler, 2003). http://www.lindsay-sherwin.co.uk/guide_managing_change/images/01_swot_1.gif Figure : SWOT to Business Strategy (Sadler, 2003) From both external and internal appraisal Confrontational questions are generated. For every single Opportunity which strength element can assist the company to take advantage of the opportunity and which weakness can form a barrier to do so. For every single Threat which strength factor can lead to compete with the threat and which weakness can bound the company not to do so. Following SWOT analysis examines Qatar Diars Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats considering its present scenarios. Strengths: Strengths of a business are all the positive elements that it do exceptionally well and generally are under its control. The strengths of a company gives it competitive edge over other business competitors. Often a company will emphasis on its strengths to reach to new dimensions. Below is a list of strengths for Qatar Diar. Having associations with other robust and prevalent businesses around the globe is a major advantageous point for Qatar Diar as it helps bring in new clients and make business more operative. Qatari Diar since beginning have formed strong alliances in form of joint ventures with construction and management firms. In 2008 it signed agreements with Germanys Hochtief; in 2009 signed agreement with Germanys Deutsche Bahn to form the Qatar Railways Development Committee (QRDC). Under this committee, the Qatar Railways Company manages the expansion of Qatars $35bn rail system. In 2010 it joined with Frances Vinci Construction. Being a market leader, as Qatar Diar is, is key to their success as it increases status, revenue and market share. Under Qatar Diar there are several key real estate development is ongoing which gives Qatar Diar additional advantage. Innovation is a vital component of Qatar Diars overall accomplishment, as this retains them way above the other real estate companies. Riding high in the niche market in Real Estate industry has helped boost Qatar Diar and raised reputation and turnover. It has so far focused on high end luxurious projects. Not only they have ambitious projects in Qatar but also in several other countries with high profile construction work in prime locations. The US $1bn expansion of Londons past Chelsea Barracks is one such instance. The establishments developed by Qatar Diar are sustainable modern, meaning this high valued clients will return to Qatar Diar for future projects. Qatar Diars marketing strategy has proven efficiency. Which helped the company to raise profiles and profits and standing out as a major strength not only in gulf region but in the world. Qatar Diars innovation keeps it a leader in Real Estate as it is frequently implementing new proprietary technology and design. Experienced employees are key to the success of Qatar Diar helping to drive them forward with skill and knowledge. For example in March 2012 Qatar Diar appointed thirteen international law organisations to Qatari Diars six legal boards. High quality machinery used in sites, experienced staff, offices and equipment guarantee the job is done to the utmost standard, and is a strength of Qatar Diar. Qatar Diar has a widespread client base, which is a key strength regarding profit. Qatar Diar is spread in all over the globe in prime locations. Being financially strong helps Qatar Diar deal with any problems, ride any dip in profits and out perform their rivals. Qatar Diar has state backing which helps them to stay strong in volatile market. Qatar Diar has emerged as a strong brand which is an essential strength. Qatar Diars international operations establishes its authority over the business. 2012 World Cup will be held in Qatar. Before then the company will have some of their high profile projects finished which will enable them to capitalize the event. Weaknesses: Weaknesses of a corporation are things that should be improved for a better result; which are under their control. Weaknesses puts a business behind its competitors and create barrier to achieve its target. This section will present core weaknesses of Qatar Diar Global economic crisis will have an adverse impact on the sales of high end products. As more and more people are trying to hold their money in safe investments. Qatar is yet not as promising as UAE which is first preference among many client. Legal issues that buyers may face for the developments is still an issue for Qatar Diar as this creates barrier for potential customers. Opportunities: Opportunities are external deviations, drifts or desires that could improve the business or organisations strategic positioning, or which could be of a benefit to them. This section will summarize opportunities that Qatar Diar currently have. Qatar Diar gets direct backing from Qatar Government which allows them to have additional support when they go overseas or even inside the country with grants and favourable policies. Sudden change or adaptation of technology could give Qatar Diar an opportunity to strengthen future success. Use of social media network to promote its products to target markets may open new windows for them. Qatar Diar is in respectable monetary position, which is an opportunity for them to explore in terms of investment in new developments. Qatar Diar has the opportunity to enter niche market with their ever favourable government support to maintain leading position and therefore lift financial performance. Grasping the opportunity to magnify the customer base is something Qatar Diar can aim for, either geographically or through new products. Qatar Diar has planned to take its innovative developments to other countries in coming time. Qatar Diar can also explore takeover and merger opportunities could be explored for Qatar Diar and which later can be used to acquire new customers, new resources and enter new markets. Threats: Threats are reasons which may confine, harm or put areas of the business or organisation at jeopardy. They are factors which are external of the companys control. Being conscious of the threats and being able to prepare for them makes this section valuable when considering contingency plans and strategies. This section will outline main threats Qatar Diar is currently facing. Consumer lifestyle changes could lead to less of a demand for Qatar Diar products/services. A slow economy or financial slowdown could have a major impact on Qatar Diar business and profits. Rising costs could be a major downfall for Qatar Diar as it would eat into profit. PESTEL analysis of Qatar Diar In the macro environment there are many factor that affects decision making process of organisation. Changes can come in form of law change, trade barrier, impose of tax, demographic change along with government policy changes. These all are changes in the macro environment (Bennett, 2002). We can use PESTEL model to assess and analyse most of these factors. This arrangement differentiates between: Political factors. These factors denotes various government policy for example the degree of involvement in the economy. Which products and services the government wants to promote? Which areas will receive subsidy? Political factors can have tremendous impact on numerous important areas of business. It will determine how healthy the nation is and in terms of infrastructure how good it is i.e. road and rail network throughout the nation. Economic factors. Economic factors includes but not limits to purchase interest rates, taxation charges, slow or high economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. To understand how it might affect a business with high impact lets see the example: higher interest rates might discourage investment since it costs extra to borrow a strong currency may make exporting more problematic because it may increase the price in terms of foreign currency inflation may aggravate higher wage demands from employees and increase costs   higher national income growth may boost demand for a firms products Social factors. Changes in social tendencies can influence on the demand for a firms products and the accessibility and readiness of persons to work. In Qatar Diar most of the workers are from different countries. If they cannot offer a competitive salary with other benefits there might be issue with finding right people. Also in 10 years time there will be Fifa 2022 World Cup in Qatar this might mean there will be additional interest for people to get involved and invest in properties. Technological factors: new technologies generate new products and new procedures. Social networking, online shopping, online booking and computer aided design are all developments to the way we do business as a consequence of improved technology. Technology can lessen costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These expansions can help customers as well as the groups providing the products. Qatar Diar has access to latest technologies in their work bases which helps them to minimize cost and maximize opportunities. Environmental factors: environmental factors comprise the climate and environmental changes. Tourism industry can get hugely affected by temperature change or issues like changed climate. Due to global warming slowly there is significant environmental awareness which indicates that it is not a problem of a region. Qatar Diar also has implications of environmental factors. Sustainable growth will mean that there will be less scope for doing non-environmental friendly tasks. The recent trend of being more environmental friendly is something Qatar Diar can work on to build up campaign or similar movements which will be beneficiary for the business. Legal factors: These factors are significant for a business in terms of the geographical area where they are based on. For example discriminations on the basis of age, sex, religion can have huge adverse impact on a businesss operation. Following laws of different country is also important as most of the time they does vary geographically. Also lawsuits can cost a company fortune. So having sound legal advisors are a must. Qatar Diar has an experienced panel of legal advisors to assist them with development planning. Different categories of law that has direct relation with Qatar Diar includes: consumer laws; these are intended to guard customers against biased practices such as ambiguous descriptions of the product competition laws; these are designed at protecting trivial firms against oppression by larger firms and safeguarding customers are not exploited by firms with monopoly influence employment laws; these cover parts such as dismissal, sacking, working hours and minimum wages. They aim to defend employees against the misuse of power by bosses health and safety legislation; these laws are aimed at guaranteeing the workplace is as safe as is sensibly practical. This legislation covers important issues such as training, accident reporting and other provision for safety equipment. Classic PESTEL features to ponder comprise: Factor Could include: Political e.g. Qatar government involvement in real state policies, investment agenda Economic e.g. inflation, credit crisis, national debt, exchange rates. Social e.g. view towards certain products, demographic characteristics, income Technological e.g. technological advancement, new ICT product, social networking, new product development by using new technology, rate of technological obsolescence Environmental e.g. global warming, climate change, natural disasters and other environmental issues Legal e.g. laws that company is abide by. competition law, health and safety, employment law However, it is significant not to just list PESTEL factors as this does not in itself tell very much. What business strategic management team need to do is to work out which of the many listed factors may change. For example as a government holding company Qatar Diar will more or less have favourable policies from the government. Problem will arise when it goes to a different geographic location. Qatar Diar has a global portfolio that makes it challenging to take into consideration all the wider aspects of all its development activities. In order to assess a big company like Qatar Diar it will be a good idea to distinguish between factors in terms of local, national and global (Drummond,2001). For example, we can evaluate Qatar Diars PESTEL factors as: Local factors such as designing a government project and its approval. National factors such as government law regarding recruiting people for the construction. Global factors such as entering into new market zones and its impact on business. Conclusion: This paper has looked into Qatar Diars business management from a strategic point of view. It is not long since the business was established. Getting world recognition in such a short time is really uncommon in todays world. Qatar Diar has proved how innovative approach in real estate industry can shape its future. Strategically, Qatar Diar has been lucky to have state support throughout its operation. Thanks to its joint ventures it has seen its growth over 29 countries. In coming years Qatar Diar will reach to its peak and probably 2022 will be a milestone year for Qatar Diar.

Visual Perception – Painting

Name: N. Mithun Kumar Vasu Deva Sarma Roll No: 201001072 Course: Space Time in Arts and Humanities Date: 17-11-2012 Topic: Perception of Visual Arts (Painting) ABSTRACT The task essentially is to consider what the art of painting essentially is and how it is perceived. One of the most curious questions which first arises is ? What is an Art Art: Art is a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities. The word art can refer to several things: a study of creative skill, a process of using the creative skill, a product of the creative skill, or the audience's experience with the creative skill.Art is something that stimulates an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the senses. Many definitions of art have been proposed by philosophers and others who have characterized art in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, or other values. Though art's definition is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of human agency and creation through imaginative or technical skill. In medieval philosophy, John Chrysostom held that â€Å"the name of art should be applied to those only which contribute towards and produce necessaries and mainstays of life.The nature of art has been described by philosopher Richard Wollheim as â€Å"one of the most elusive of the traditional problems of human culture†. Art as mimesis has deep roots in the philosophy of Aristotle. The nature of art, and related concepts such as creativity and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics. Art, at its simplest, is a form of communication. As most forms of communication have an intent or goal directed toward another individual, this is a motivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientific illustration, are a form of art as communication.Emotions, moods and feelings are also communicated through art. Here, we consider painting, a visual art and explain its perception. H ere arises the question, what are ? Visual arts Visual Arts: ?Visual Arts? is a term used for a broad category of different types of art. Visual arts include all forms of arts creative and haves expressive production in material. In simple words, ? Visual arts? are art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature, such as Ceramics, Drawing, Painting, Sculpture, Printmaking, Design, Crafts, Photography, Video, Filmmaking and Architecture.These definitions should not be taken too strictly as many artistic disciplines (performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types. The current usage of the term â€Å"visual arts† includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts. Visual arts also include applied arts. The perception of these visual arts is a lot different from Visual Perception. So, we need to know the difference between the perception of visual art and visual perception of art. For this purpose, we explain what visual perception is and then show the differences between the two of them.VISUAL PERCEPTION: Visual perception is a function of our eyes and brain. We see images as a whole rather than in parts. However, images can be broken down into their visual elements: line, shape, texture, and color. Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment by processing information that is contained in visible light. These elements are to images as grammar is to language. Together they allow our eyes to see images and our brain to recognize them. For most of the people, vision appears simple and effortless as it seems like a trivial operation.Our brain, however, has to process, combine and separate shapes, colors, shadows, object relations, and much more within fractions of a second in order to build a representation from its sensory input. Vision perception is ambiguous. For example, to see a painting, a piece of sculpture or a building take s a few moments. Other art objects may take a little more time. Most of the people appreciate (comment on) the object within moments of seeing them. But it is the product of an extraordinarily developed and complicated visual system. Visual perception helps a lot in the aesthetic experience of art.Visual perception of art vs Perception of Visual Art: The main difference between the visual perception of art and perception of visual arts is that in the visual perception of an art we explain how our vision sees an art and sends it whereas in the perception of visual arts we explain how our vision sees the art and the reason why our vision sees the art in such a manner. One important difference between the perception of visual arts and visual perception is the task of the observer. In everyday perception, the task of the observer is well defined, often by the action that the perception supports.As we watch the incoming traffic before crossing the road, our perception of the traffic is o riented to the extraction of useful information such as the recognition of a car and the estimation of its speed, while at the same time disregarding irrelevant information such as the make or color of the car. Once the task is established, one can define the decisions necessary to perform it, and if one so wishes, the efficiency of the observer in this task can be computed by normalizing the performance to that of the ideal observer for this task.It is more difficult to identify an appropriate task in the perception of visual arts. Without specifying a task, the question of how good one is at looking at a painting becomes irrelevant, and the notion of risk associated to an alleged wrong perception becomes meaningless. One way to identify a plausible task in visual arts perception is to return to the challenges of everyday perception. PAINTING Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue) to a surface (su pport) such as paper, canvas or a wall.However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition and, or, other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the human body itself. Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface (support base).The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action. However, painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. Paintings may have for their support such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, leaf, co pper or concrete, and may incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as objects.Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, composition or abstraction and other aesthetics may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion or be political in nature. Painting only can â€Å"describe† everything which can be seen and suggest every emotion which can be felt.Painting is not just mere impression of our thoughts but is composed of a number of elements like intensity, form, figure, filial, color and tone, texture, garnet, line, conduit, deformation, organix, rhythm and non-traditional elements. Some of the important elements are discussed below. ELEMENTS AND MEDIA Modern artists have extended the practice o f painting considerably to include, for example, collage, which began with Cubism and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture.Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. ELEMENTS INTENSITY: What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity. Every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, ainters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity; by using just color (of the same intensity) one can only represent symbolic shapes. Thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological m eans, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization (perspective), and symbols. For example, a painter perceives that a particular white wall has different intensity at each point, due to shades and reflections from nearby objects, but ideally, a white wall is still a white wall in pitch darkness.In technical drawing, thickness of line is also ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone: Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are of music. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory.Moreover the use of language is only a generalization for a color equivalent. The word â⠂¬Å"red†, for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as C or C? in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc. ). Painters deal practically with pigments, so â€Å"blue† for a painter can be any of the blues: phtalocyan, Paris blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on.Psychological, symbolical meanings of color are not strictly speaking means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like â€Å"C†) is analogous to light in painting, â€Å"shades† to dynamics, and coloration is to painting as specific timbre of musical instruments to music—though these do not necessarily form a melody, but can add different contexts to it. Tone describes how light or dark a color is. If the painting is going to be successful, you must get the tones right.In describing any form in particular light conditions tone is critical. You‘ll be amazed how dark those darks can be. Get the tone of a color right and it will make the form you want to depict. It will stay where you put it and add to the solidity and realism of the picture. Get the tone wrong, and it will jar the eye. A blazing highlight in a shadowy eye will jump out of its socket. Remember that all colors in your subject are affected by the same light. For example, if one side of a blonde head is in deep shadow, like the subjects suit, the hair is going to be very dark blonde.If you paint those bright tones from the lit side of the head in the shadows it will be just plain wrong. This may sound obvious, but people do it all the time. Your brain ? knows‘ that a dark blue suit is very dark in the shadow areas, but it also might tell you it ? knows‘ that skin is still the same value in the darks. But, it is not and your eye sees the difference. Colors have tones (how light and dark) and temperature (how intense). Warm colors tend to advance. Cool colors tend to recede. The interplay between warm nd cool not only creates believable form and space but is a pleasure to look at – a painting that is all cold or all blazingly hot tends not to work so well. EDGES: Generally our eye will go straight to the crispest edge in a painting creating a focal point. This is most often a point of high contrast where a light and dark meet. Make sure that edge is where you want it, up around the head. For example, in a human face, the dark of hair against the edge of a lit cheek creates a focal point. The artist can lead a viewer around a picture by the use of different types of edge.If it‘s all soft or all crisp there is no focal point and no one knows what they are supposed to be looking at! BACKGROUNDS: The question that arises is how much detail should be in a background? Too much in the background can be overwhelming. Remember, the background should stay back. The subject is primary; the other stuff while it may have emotional or historic significance is secondary. Control of edges here really helps. Simple color and shadow shapes can work well. This makes the subject the sole rendered object and focal point in the painting. Rhythm: Rhythm is important in painting as well as in music.If one defines rhythm as â€Å"a pause incorporated into a sequence†, then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form, or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art and it directly affects the esthetical value of that work. This is because the esthetical value is functionality dependent, i. e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of â€Å"techne†, directly contributes to the esthetical value.LINE: Line is a continuous marking made by a moving point on the surface. A line is the path made by a pointed instrument, such as a pen, a crayon, or a stick. A line implies action because work needs to be done to make it. Moreover, the impression of movement suggests sequence, direction, or force. In other words, a line can be seen as a distinct series of points. Line is believed to be the most expressive of the visual elements because of several reasons. First, it outlines things and the outlines are the key to their identity.Most of the time, we recognize objects or images only from their outlines. Second, line is important because it is a primary element in writing and drawing, and because writing as well drawing is universal. Third, unlike texture, shape and fo rm, line is unambiguous. We know exactly when it starts and ends. Finally, line leads our eyes by suggesting direction and movement. Line outlines shapes and can contour areas within those lines. Even though most of the art we see uses line only to form shapes, some artists allow line to call attention for itself in the art piece.TEXTURE is the surface ? feel? of something. When the brush strokes have been smoothened, a surface is seen as smooth, when left rough, its texture is seen as rough. COMPOSTION refers to the ordering of relationship. Artists utilize organizing principles to create forms that inform. Techniques are ways artists go about applying the principles of composition. BALANCE refers to the equilibrium of opposing visual forces. GRADATION refers to a continuum of changes in the details and regions such as gradual variations in shape, color value and shadowing.PROPORTION refers to the emphasis achieved by the scaling of sizes of shapes. VARIETY refers to the contrasts of details and regions. UNITY refers to the togetherness, despite contrasts, of details and regions to the whole. MEDIA OIL: Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil—especially in early modern Europe, linseed oil. Often an oil such as linseed was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even frankincense; these were called ‘varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss.Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in northern Europe, and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced tempera paints in the majority of Europe. PASTEL: Pastel is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder. The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including oil paints; the binder is of a neutral hue and low saturation.The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process. Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a fixative. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. ACRYLIC:Acrylic paint is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but become water- resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time. Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings.This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques, but in other regards it impedes the artist trying to work quickly. WATER COLOR: Watercolor is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum or leather, fabric, wood and canvas. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting.In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, Ethiopia and other countries also have long traditions. Fingerpa inting with watercolor paints originated in China. INK: Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments and/or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing with a pen, brush, or quill. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials.The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink‘s carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. HOT WAX: Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other t ypes of waxes, damar resin, linseed oil, or other ingredients.Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or collaged into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. FRESCO: Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [af? fres? ko] which derives from the Latin word for â€Å"fresh†.Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh, lime mortar or plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster, intonaco, is used. A secco painting, in contrast , is done on dry plaster (secco is â€Å"dry† in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. GOUACHE: Gouache is a water based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method.Gouache differs from watercolor in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as chalk is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water-media, it is diluted with water. ENAMEL: Enamels are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with frit, a type of powdered glass. Minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal.Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects, but have also been used for other purposes. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for portrait miniatures. In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor mural SPRAY PAINT: Aerosol paint (also called spray paint) is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a valve button. A form of spray painting, aerosol paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface.Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store. Aerosol primer can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common graffiti medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A stencil can be used to protect a surface except the specific shape that is to be ainted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut logos or hand-cut by artists. TEMPERA: Tempera, also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long lasting, and examples from the first centuries AD still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting.A paint which is commonly called tempera (although it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as poster paint. WATER MISCIBLE OIL PAINT: Water miscible oil paints (also called â€Å"water soluble† or â€Å"water-mixable†) is a modern variety of oil paint which is engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water, rather than having to use chemicals such as turpentine. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water.Its water solubility comes from the use of an oil medium in which one end of the molecule has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a solution. PAINTING †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Painting is an art. There are different kinds of painting and you might have seen the canvas in many places. This is used in many homes and in buildings to decorate the walls. It is not possible for each and every individual to paint a picture and convert in to a beautiful art work. You might be confused by seeing many art works and you may n ot be able to differentiate the one which is more beautiful than the other.What does painting do? ? Painting makes things and their qualities much clearer than they are in nature. ? Painting, with its ? All-at-Onceness? more than any other art, gives us the time to allow our vision to focus and participate. ? We can hold any detail or region or the totality as long as we like and follow any order of details or regions at our own pace ***************—————-*************** More than any other art, painting is the art that has most to do with revealing the visual appearance of objects and events. The eye is the chief sense organ involved in our participation with the painting.Painting has existed as an artistic tradition for thousands of years. From the cave painting of Lascaux to the great, masterpieces of Da Vinci it has played a historical and aesthetic role in the different ages of existence. Let‘s see the history of painting. ORIGIN AND EARL Y HISTORY Painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis. [7] The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations is the mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting. The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans, and spans all cultures.It represents a continuous, though periodically disrupted tradition from Antiquity. Ac ross cultures, and spanning continents and millennia, the history of painting is an ongoing river of creativity, which continues into the 21st century. Until the early 20th century it relied primarily on representational, religious and classical motifs, after which time more purely abstract and conceptual approaches gained favor. Developments in Eastern painting historically parallel those in Western painting, in general, a few centuries earlier. African art, Islamic art, Indian art, Chinese art, and Japanese art each had ignificant influence on Western art, and, eventually, vice-versa. Painting was initially serving utilitarian purpose, followed by imperial, private, civic, and religious patronage, Eastern and Western painting later found audiences in the aristocracy and the middle class. TYPES OF PAINTINGS ABSTRACT PAINTING: It is also called as non-representational painting. It might be difficult to appreciate it if we are confused about subject matter. In these paintings, no obj ects or events are depicted. So, it seems that these painting do not have subject matter. But it is not so.The subject matter is relating to or affecting the senses rather than the intellect. It is composed of visual qualities – line, color, texture, space, shape, light, shadow, volume, and mass. These are constructed by eliminating reference to everything but color, lines, shapes, and light from their work. Abstract painters liberate us from the habit of always referring these elements to specific objects and events. REPRESENTATIONAL PAINTING: It furnishes the world of abstractions / sensuous with definite objects and events. The subject matter are the same, the interpretation (content) of every painting is always different.Representational artwork aims to represent actual objects or subjects from reality. Subcategories under representational art include Realism, Impressionism, Idealism, and Stylization. All of these forms of representationalism represent actual subjects fro m reality. Although some of these forms are taking steps toward abstraction, they still fall under the category of representation. PORTRAIT PAINTING: A portrait painting is one that embodies the image of a particular person. Over the years, these paintings started to include images of various other animals and lifeless matter.This particular type of painting is created only when a person orders for it to be created. Sometimes, portrayers create these paintings for their own fun or interest. The importance of these paintings can be felt only by those people who strive to preserve their memories. Most people think that digital photographs and images are the best way to capture a moment. But these people fail to realize an important fact about these photographs. While the initial quality seems to be much better in terms of clarity, these digital photographs seem to fade away with the course of time.This is not true in case of portrait paintings as these are known to last for a long per iod of time. This is evident from the fact that lot of these paintings have been found inside Egyptian pyramids. These paintings are mostly used as decorative items. Due to their long life, portrait paintings are used as wall hangings in many houses. In addition to its decorative uses, these paintings can also be used as gifts to complement your friends and relatives on their special occasions. Believe it or not, these paintings can remind your close ones about your existence whenever they look at it.Sometimes, people collect art works done by famous portrayers as part of their activities. The fun that you can have when collecting these historical artifacts is comparable to an endless sea. To learn how a painting is perceived, one has to know the effect of different situations on the eye. Some of them are explained here. BRIGHTNESS: The physical context of visual objects has a substantial impact on basic perception. Things may appear bigger, smaller, brighter, darker and so on, than they actually are, depending on the nature of the object and the context in which it is placed.Consider the importance of physical context on perceived brightness as shown in the figure below. In the set of two concentric squares at the left, the two small grey squares are of identical intensity. Yet the one at the top appears much darker than the one at the bottom. The effect is due to the context of the surrounding squares. Consider the image on the right. It comprises of a ring on uniform greyness. It appears lighter on the left-hand part of the display than on the right. The influence of context on the perceived intensity of an bject is called brightness contrast, a condition in which a viewer tends to bias the light intensity of an object in an opposite direction from the background intensity. The Importance of Value & Tone in Painting For example: If you took a black and white photograph of your painting, the shades of grey would be the different values or tones within the pa inting. Value is used to create a focal point within a painting or drawing. The human eye is immediately drawn to a light element against a dark element. This creates the focal point of interest. To create the illusion of depth, gradations of value are also used.Areas of light and dark give a three-dimensional illusion of form to subject matter. Value is independent of its hue. This is a fundamental element in the impact of visual art whether abstract or representational. The above example is a painting ? en grisaille? – a painting done entirely in values of grey or another neutral greyish color. Grisaille was sometimes used for under paintings or for oil sketches. Rubens was noted for this. Today, many successful artists believe in keeping a narrow value scale – limiting their composition to approximately 4 values. In this case it seems, less is more and helps create a cohesive and harmonious work.Below is a contrasting example of the use of values. Whistler used ? lo w-key‘ values and Monet used ? high-key‘ values and achieved dramitically different results. The Hidden Meaning of Color in Your Art RED: It is the color of assertion, strength, romance, excitement, vitality, physical power, outgoing, ambitious and impulsive. It is a color that flatters the skin and can make an excellent background. Pale pink are warm and peaceful and combine well with greens. The deeper reds create an atmosphere of retrained opulence and power. Red elicits an uncomplicated nature with a zest for life. But, red can also connote danger or threats.Fire engines, stop signs and traffic lights are a perfect example. ORANGE: It is the Midway between red and orange. It is a cheerful color. It is a flamboyant and lively color. Orange can be assertive, dynamic, and spontaneous and signifies youth and fearlessness. Orange stimulates the brain and produces oxygen and mental activity. Dark-orange signifies deceit or distrust, whereas redorange can correspond to aggr ession, domination and thirst for action. YELLOW: We associate yellow with sunshine and it represents light. It creates a feeling of hope, happiness and wisdom. The color evokes an optimistic sense of wellbeing and natural light.It is airy, radiant and atmospheric. Yellow gives the feeling that all is okay with the world. An example of this is Luminism, an early generation of landscape painters who explored ways to depict light realistically on canvas by using color to depict a melodramatic or romantic mood. But, yellow is a complicated color. On one hand, it is considered ? light-hearted‘ and childlike, but actually it is known to make babies cry. Although, light-yellow represents intellect, freshness and joy, dull-yellow is associated with caution, decay, sickness and jealousy. Yellow at times is cowardice. The phrase, ? yellow-bellied-coward? ame into use around 1910 which probably derives from yellow‘s association with both treason and weakness. More than a millenniu m ago, Judas Iscariot was often portrayed in yellow garb symbolizing his betrayal of Jesus Christ – a cowardly act. In America‘s pioneer days, yellow dogs were considered worthless and the term ? yellow dog? came to be used to describe anything worthless. Our observation of the yellow of tree leaves as they age and die, as well as the yellowing of old books and papers, led to the association of yellow with old age and illness. But, yellow is very effective at attracting attention – think of a taxi cab.Yellow is also used as a warning symbol. In football, a ? yellow flag‘ issues a warning. When place alongside black, yellow issues a warning. Yellow is also used in traffic lights and signs to advise us of danger. GREEN: It is the color of harmony, balance and security. Green also has a calming effect and symbolizes hope, peace, gentleness and modesty. It is soothing, refined and civilized with great healing power. Green suggests stability and endurance, hope and growth. It sometimes denotes lack of experience, for example a ? greenhorn‘ is a novice. Pale greens are particularly restful.Dark greens remind us of money, banking and Wall Street. However, at times yellow-green is used to portray sickness, discord and jealousy. Remember the phrase, ? green with envy BLUE: It is the color of the sea and sky, having a quality of cool expansiveness and openness. Soft, soothing, compassionate and caring, blue is an introspective color. Blue is often a formal color which represents wisdom and steady character. Many superheroes wear blue! It is considered a masculine color and the choice of corporate America. But, the quiet character and poetic subtlety of blue can also be associated with melancholy and resignation.Remember Pablo Picasso‘s infamous ? Blue Period? of art? Picasso‘s personal trauma found expression in a series of deeply sentimental paintings which comprise his ? Blue Period?. I even dedicated a helpful post to artis ts who find themselves Feeling Blue†¦ PURPLE: A combination of red and blue, purples are regal and dignified to be used with discretion. Pale shades are restful and serene, but the darker shades make it difficult to focus. Lavenders signify refined things of life, creative, witty and civilized. Purples can be tiring on the eyes and cause a sense of frustration, but it can make an excellent foil for works of art.Gloom and sad feelings can be portrayed by using purples. BROWN: It is the color of living wood and the earth. Rich, subtle and extraordinarily restful to look upon, brown creates a feeling of coolness and warmth at the same time. It combines well with rich colors such as purple and gold (popular in the Victorian era). It is a steady, dependable, conservative, conscientious and reliable color. Brown evokes a sense of nostalgia and reminds us of the great works of Rembrandt, Titian and Rubens. Tonalism used rich earth tones and muted colors to create moody landscapes.Van Gogh‘s used lots of brown to set a somber and depressed mood in the famous painting The Potato Eaters. Think back on Soviet Russia and you might remember the common people usually wore shades of brown. GRAY: This color represents caution and compromise. Many beautiful grays can be made by mixing complimentary colors together. Grays give a sense of peace to the viewer. WHITE: It is a Symbolic of safety, cleanliness and purity. White emanates youth, perfection and innocence. Angels are usually thought of as white. White is simplicity and freshness, but too much can give a clinical feeling.Doctors, hospitals and sterility are associated the white. Low fat foods and dairy products use white in their packaging. But, in many Eastern cultures, white signifies death, mourning, funerals and unhappiness. Ghosts are white and giving white flowers to the sick is bad luck in many cultures. In painting, use white sparingly. It can make colors chalky and lifeless. BLACK: It is Mysterious and hidden, black can have a morbid feeling. It gives us a feeling of the unknown and negative connotations like, black-hole, blacklist, blackhumor or black-death. In most Western cultures, black is the symbol of grief.However, black can be dignified and showy with sophistication. Black will also punctuate color schemes that rely on strong contrasting colors. Try mixing your own blacks, rather than using it straight from the tube. CASE STUDY: One of the aspects that make the Mona Lisa such a masterpiece is da Vinci‘s use of oil as a medium. As the movie The Mystery of Jon van Eyck explains, the use of oil as a medium was not widely used for painting until van Eyck refined it ? by adding transparent colors in several thin glazes upon a white ground, creating a wholly new translucence as if lit from within.?Da Vinci used van Eyck‘s oil painting technique to bring lifelike qualities to their works. On the first sight of the portrait of Mona Lisa, you will see the physical feat ures of that painting essentially identically to how all other humans see them because the light reflected from the painting and the initial processing by one‘s neurophysiology are fixed by physical laws. For example, generally shadows tend to form large dark areas in a painting and as such contribute to the low spatial frequency information of the image. If hese shadows are placed in specific areas (near the mouth in Mona Lisa and under the brow ridge in the disappearing bust of Voltaire), they can lose their role as shadows and offer an ambiguity to the interpretation and the perception of the painting. The message, meaning and interpretation of art depend on your pervious specialized knowledge of painting and related phenomena. That knowledge along with your knowledge of the world, contribute to the context in which the painting is viewed. Choice of lighting: Faint illumination. Near twilight depicted in the Mona Lisa.Leonardo favored this type of lighting for portraiture. The responsiveness of the Mona Lisa to changes of lighting is unusual, perhaps unique. The Mona Lisa suffers little under light-adapted vision and gain little under dark adaptation. By contrast, the degree of change in the tonal range resembles that which occurs with a natural object. Painting style and other formal elements Leonardo explains color perspective this way, â€Å". . . through variations in the air we are made aware of the different distances of various buildings. . . therefore make the first building. . . its own color; the next most distant make more blue. . at another distance bluer yet and that which is five time more distant make five times more blue. † This principle is demonstrated in the background of Mona Lisa: the ground and hills directly behind the subject are painted in warm tones of reddish browns and tans. As the landscape recedes the mountains and water become progressively bluer. Leonardo also noted that air is denser closest to the earth, theref ore the bases of hills will always appear lighter than the summit; he applies this theory to the hills behind the sitter's shoulders which start out a tan color and become dark brown.His study of shadow can be related to his works in both compositional arrangement and in sfumato (Sfumato is the famous invention of Da Vinci – light and shade that allow one form to blend in with another leaving something to the imagination. He did this to the corners of Mona Lisa‘s mouth and eyes which explains why she may look different and different times. ) techniques, which are both demonstrated in the Mona Lisa. One method of composition employed by Leonardo involved focus and blur.In the Mona Lisa Leonardo uses shadow in the lowest areas of the picture plane, at the edges, and background of the landscape to blur detail and draw attention to the detailed focus area of the face. Leonardo also uses shadow as a primary element in creating sfumato or soft focus, which creates the illusio n of volume by allowing light to emerge from the darkness of shadow. The sitter's body in Mona Lisa emerges from the shadows surrounding her from the mid arm area down. Her hands are areas of light that emerge from the blurred shadows of her body and her face emerges from darkly shadowed areas of hair and eiling. Leonardo's study of the shape of shadow contributed to the blurred shadow edges that are a hallmark of the sfumato style. The Mona Lisa's body and face are enclosed within shadow, but no shadow edges ever become evident. In the Mona Lisa the subject comes closer to the front edge of the picture than had been customary hitherto: this smaller distance between sitter and viewer heightens the intensity of the visual impression while the landscape suggests greater spatial depths and atmospheric intensity.Craggy mountains disappear into the distance against a greenish-blue sky. On the left we can make out a stream and on the right we can see what looks like a dry river-bed, altho ugh it is not possible to tell quite how this connects, if at all, with a reservoir higher up. Individual outcrops in the landscape, bereft of vegetation, are reminiscent of similar rock formations in religious pictures that Leonardo had begun not long before.